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Matter and Energy in Earth Systems Directions: 1. Make sure your bubble sheet has your name and ID number 2. Please DO NOT WRITE on this test. 3. Please use a Number 2 pencil. 4. Respond to the questions by filling in the bubble that corresponds with your answer. 5. Make solid marks that fill the bubbles completely. 6. Erase any changes completely and cleanly. 7. When you complete the assessment, hand in both the assessment and your completed bubble sheet. Matter and Energy in Earth Systems - Page 2 1. A teacher asks her students, “How are the North American plate and the continent of North America different?” Which one of the following is a correct student response? A. “The continent can change in size, but the plate does not.” B. “The continent rests on top of the plate, but is not part of the plate.” C. “The continent is part of the plate, but the plate also contains some seafloor that extends beyond the continent.” D. “The plate and the continent are the same thing.” © 2005 Horizon Research, Inc. 2. A teacher wants his students to describe the rate at which plates typically move. Which one of the following is the best student answer? A. B. C. D. “Plates don’t move.” “Plates move a few centimeters per year.” “Plates move a few hundred centimeters per year.” “Plates move several thousand centimeters per year.” © 2005 Horizon Research, Inc. 3. When material is removed from the top of a mountain range by erosion (elevation decreases), what will happen to the position of the bottom of the crust/lithosphere within the mantle? The bottom of the crust/lithosphere will: A. sink farther down into the mantle B. float higher up in the mantle C. not change size or position Matter and Energy in Earth Systems - Page 3 4. The reason for my answer to #3 is because: A. B. C. D. E. the mountain range will lose mass and become more buoyant erosion only affects the top of the mountain, not the bottom of the crust/lithosphere the bottom will not change since the mountain is no longer growing the bottom must move downward as the mountain elevation decreases the position will not be affected because the density has not changed 5. A teacher holds a class discussion about the locations of plate boundaries. The following is a portion of that discussion. Ryan: The boundaries of plates are the same as the edges of the continents. Kyle: I disagree with Ryan. I think that the pattern of earthquake activity and the formation of volcanoes around the world show the outlines of plate boundaries. Katie: I disagree with Kyle. I think that earthquakes and volcanoes are found at completely random places around the world. Just because there are earthquakes and volcanoes doesn’t mean that there are plate boundaries nearby. Maria: I agree with Katie. All you need to know is that plate boundaries are found under the ocean at mid-ocean ridges. Which student appears to have the best understanding of where plate boundaries are located? A. B. C. D. Ryan Kyle Katie Maria © 2005 Horizon Research, Inc. Matter and Energy in Earth Systems - Page 4 6. In a unit on plate tectonics, students have been studying the relationship between plate movement and geologic features on Earth’s surface. The teacher asks the students to look at the diagram and determine how plates A and B are moving relative to each other. Which one of the following would be a correct student response? A. B. C. D. Plates A and B are moving away from each other. Plates A and B are moving past or alongside one another. Plates A and B moving towards one another. Plates A and B are not moving. © 2005 Horizon Research, Inc. Matter and Energy in Earth Systems - Page 5 7. A teacher asks his students to describe the layer directly underneath Earth’s plates. Which one of the following student responses is correct? A. “It is hot and liquid, very similar to the lava that comes out of a volcano.” B. “It is hot and solid rock, and the rock can move or flow very slowly.” C. “It is ocean water, cold and constantly moving.” D. “It is cool and solid rock, just like the plate above it.” © 2005 Horizon Research, Inc. 8. A teacher asks his students to describe what happens when two plates move away from each other. In answering, one student puts his hands together with his fingers touching, then slowly moves them away from each other until they are a few inches apart. At the same time, the student says, “The plates move apart like this.” While the student is correctly showing two objects moving away from each other, which one of the following would be best for the teacher to do next to assess the student’s understanding? A. The teacher should ask the student to describe how non-volcanic mountains can be formed in this situation. B. The teacher should ask the student about the conditions under which a deep-sea trench would form. C. The teacher should ask what is happening in the space that is created between the student’s hands. D. The student’s understanding seems complete; have the student model what happens when plates move toward each other. Matter and Energy in Earth Systems - Page 6 9. A teacher is reviewing some background information in preparation for a lesson on plate subduction. Which one of the following statements about subducting plates is a correct idea the teacher could include in her lesson? A. The subducting plate is more dense than the overriding plate. B. The subducting plate is less dense than the overriding plate. C. The densities of the two plates are the same, but the subducting plate is hotter than the overriding plate. D. The densities of the two plates are the same, but the subducting plate is colder than the overriding plate. © 2005 Horizon Research, Inc. 10. A teacher asks his students to draw a diagram showing a cross-section of Earth. Which one of the following diagrams is most accurate? © 2005 Horizon Research, Inc. Matter and Energy in Earth Systems - Page 7 11. A teacher is going to teach a lesson on what happens where two plates are moving toward one another. The teacher wants to make sure she understands not only what happens, but why it happens. A diagram in a textbook shows two adjacent plates. One plate has oceanic material along its edge where the two plates meet. The other plate includes continental material along the edge where the two plates meet. Which one of the following best explains what will happen as the plates move toward one another and why? A. The plate with oceanic material will subduct because it is denser than the plate with continental material. B. The plate with oceanic material will subduct because it is thinner than the plate with continental material. C. The plate with the older rock will subduct because older rock is relatively cold and denser. D. Neither plate will subduct; both plates will push up to form a chain of mountains because the plates bend and fold as they are forced together. © 2005 Horizon Research, Inc. 12. During a plate tectonics unit, a student asks, “I know that all rock isn’t EXACTLY the same age, but isn’t it OK to say that all rock is about the same age—pretty old?” Which one of the following is a concept that this student needs to know in order to answer his own question? A. Even though Earth’s plates are recycled, the rock that makes up the plates stays unchanged and thus is very old and all about the same age. B. Continental rock tends to stay at or near Earth’s surface because of its low density and is thus very old. C. New and thus young rock is continually forming where plates move away from each other. D. Earth’s plates move so slowly that it takes hundreds of millions of years before rock is subducted back into Earth. © 2005 Horizon Research, Inc. Matter and Energy in Earth Systems - Page 8 13. At the beginning of a unit on plate tectonics, a teacher asks her students for their ideas about plates. One student says, “There are seven plates separated by the ocean.” Based on this student’s response, which one of the following should the teacher do next to further this student’s understanding of Earth’s plates? A. Use a map to show students that plates touch other plates at all of their edges. B. Have students investigate the density of different objects to understand why plates float on water. C. Explain why continents are a good way to tell where all the plates are located. D. Model for students the plastic nature of the rock just beneath the outer layer of Earth. © 2005 Horizon Research, Inc. 14. Which of the following statements about the age of rocks is most likely true? A. B. C. D. Rocks found in the ocean are about the same age as rocks found on continents. Rocks found on continents are generally older than rocks found in the ocean. Rock ages are determined by analyzing the carbon in the rock. Rocks found in the ocean are generally older than rocks found on continents. E. None of the above; we cannot figure out the age of rocks precisely enough to figure out which rocks are older. GCI 16 15. During a class discussion, a student says, “I know that new plate material is added to the edges of plates, which makes me think that Earth must be slowly getting bigger.” Which one of the following is the best assessment of this student’s understanding of the situation? A. The student understands that plate material is added to the edges of plates, but does not understand that it is added to some edges and not to others. B. The student understands that plate material is added to the edges of plates, but does not understand that plates become denser as they cool. C. The student understands that plate material is added to edges of plates, but does not understand that it is also added to the tops of plates as a result of volcanic eruptions. D. The student understands that plate material is added to the edges of plates, but does not understand that plate material can return to Earth’s interior. © 2005 Horizon Research, Inc. Matter and Energy in Earth Systems - Page 9 16. A teacher asks students to draw what happens when two plates are moving toward each other. One student draws the following diagram of two plates without continents moving toward each other: Which one of the following is missing from this student’s diagram? A. B. C. D. Plates 1 and 2 should include a mid-ocean ridge forming along the boundary between the two plates. Plates 1 and 2 should include a mountain range forming along the boundary between the two plates. Plate 1 should include a chain of volcanoes forming near the boundary between the two plates. Plate 2 should move under and stay in contact with Plate 1, resulting in two stacked plates. © 2005 Horizon Research, Inc. 17. Which of the following figures do you believe is most closely related to what you might see if you could cut the Earth in half? E arth's surface Earth's surface Earth's surface A B C mo stly solid m ostly solid m o stly solid liq uid so lid solid D Earth's surface E Earth's su rface m ostly solid m os tly solid liq uid liq uid g as liquid solid GCI 20 Matter and Energy in Earth Systems - Page 10 18. How far do you think continents move in a single year (relative to one another)? A. B. C. D. E. A few inches A few hundred feet A few miles Scientists do not have enough information to calculate the speed of continents Continents do not move GCI 71 19. Which of the following responses best summarizes the relationship between volcanoes, large earthquakes, and tectonic plates? A. Volcanoes are typically found on islands and earthquakes typically occur in continents. Both volcanoes and large earthquakes occur near tectonic plates. B. Volcanoes and large earthquakes both typically occur along the edges of tectonic plates. C. Volcanoes mostly occur in the center of tectonic plates and large earthquakes typically occur along the edges of tectonic plates. D. Volcanoes and large earthquakes both typically occur in warm climates near tectonic plates. E. Volcanoes, large earthquakes, and tectonic plates are not related, and each can occur in different places. GCI 51 Matter and Energy in Earth Systems - Page 11 20. The diagram below shows a block of rock with uniform density (d0). The block is rectangular with length w and height h. The thickness of the block is uniform. w h The block is now broken into two pieces as shown. The pieces are labeled A and B A 2/3 w B 1/3 w Which ranking of densities of the original block (d0), piece A (dA) and piece B (dB) is correct? A. B. C. D. (d0) = (dA) = (dB) (d0) > (dA) > (dB) (d0) > (dA) = (dB) We cannot know the relative densities of pieces A and B. GCI 55 21. What does "density" refer to? A. B. C. D. E. How thick something is How quickly particles are moving inside something How much material exists in a given amount of space The amount of air contained within a material How slowly liquids move ( GCI 61 Matter and Energy in Earth Systems - Page 12 22. Plate tectonics occurs as a result of Earth losing its internal heat to outer space through many small interactions. Which of the following energy diagrams is NOT an accurate representation of one of these heat energy transfers within Earth A Heat Conduction Interaction Energy Source Core Energy Receiver Lower mantle Heat transfer DECREASE IN thermal energy of core INCREASE IN thermal energy of lower mantle Heat Convection Interaction B Energy Receiver Energy Source Lower mantle INCREASE IN thermal energy of upper mantle DECREASE IN thermal energy of lower mantle C Heat Convection Interaction Energy Source Upper mantle Energy Receiver Lower Mantle Heat transfer DECREASE IN thermal energy of upper mantle D Upper mantle Heat transfer INCREASE IN thermal energy of lower mantle Infrared Radiation Interaction Energy Source Earth’s Plate DECREASE IN thermal energy of crust Energy Receiver Heat transfer Atmosphere INCREASE IN thermal energy of atmosphere A. B. C. D. E. A B C D None of the above Matter and Energy in Earth Systems - Page 13 23. Some scientists claim that they can determine when the Earth first formed as a planet. Which technique(s) do scientists use today to determine when the Earth first formed? Choose all that apply. (A) Comparison of fossils found in rocks (B) Comparison of different layers of rock (C) Analysis of uranium and lead in rock (D) Analysis of carbon in rock (E) Scientists cannot calculate the age of the Earth GCI 1 24. On continents, where does most volcanic material come from? A Volcano A. Material comes from the Earth's center, which is completely molten. B Volcano B. Material comes from a molten layer near the Earth's center C Volcano C. Material travels from the Earth's center to a molten layer just beneath the surface, mixes with this molten layer and then travels to the volcano. Volcano D. Material comes from the molten layer beneath the Earth's surface D E Volcano E. Material comes from pockets of molten material beneath the Earth's surface GCI 22 Matter and Energy in Earth Systems - Page 14 25. Which of the figures below do you think most closely represents changes in life on Earth over time? Choose one: Today A H u m a ns A pp ea r D in o s a u rs D isa p p e a r D in o s a u rs A p p e a r Today B C D Today D in o s a u rs D is a p p e a r H u m an s A pp ea r D in o s a u rs A p p e a r H u m an s A pp ea r D in o sa u rs D is a p p e a r C B A E D in o s a u rs A p p e a r L ife A p p e a rs L ife A p p e a rs L ife A p p e a rs Earth Form s Earth Form s Earth Form s Today Today H um an s Ap pe ar D in o sa u rs D isa p p e a r D in o sa u rs A p p e a r D E D in o sa u rs D isa p p e a r L ife A p p e a rs Earth Form s L if e (in clu d in g d in o s a u rs a n d h u m a n s) A p p e a rs Earth Form s GCI 28 26. Where are most rocks formed? (A) Most rocks form underground and are pushed to the surface by magma. (B) Most rocks form underground and are exposed when overlying rocks are removed. (C) Most rocks form underground, but can never travel to the surface. (D) Most rocks form at the Earth's surface. GCI 33