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8 SHRINES, STATUES, AND SCROLLS THE ART OF EARLY JAPAN TEXT PAGES 216-231 Define or identify the following: Kami. mortise and tenon ridge pole. Shinto “. Amida Buddha triad. Mandorla. Handscroll. Tale of Genji Torii Busshi Yamato-e 1. What was the main art form of the Jomon culture? 2. How do Jomon vessels differ from Neolithic Chinese examples? 3. Name the two cultures that had the strongest influence on the development of Japanese art. a. b 4. What was the purpose of the great tumuli that were built during the Kufan period? ). How did haniwa relate to these structures? 5. Name the largest and most important Shinto shrine in Japan. What Japanese custom assures us that the present building looks pretty much like the first and original one? . 6. What culture provided the mold for the Horyu-ji and Todai-ji temples complexes? 7. Describe the type of image that was introduced during the Heian period that reflected the influence of Esoteric Buddhism. 83 8. What type of birds are perched on the ends of the ridge poles of the Phoenix Hall shown in FIG. 8-12 and what is their meaning? 9. List three characteristics of the Yamato-e style seen in the Genji scrolls (FIG. 8-13). a. b. c. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. Compare the architectural style and building techniques of the Kondo (Golden Hall) of Horyuji (FIG. 8-6) and the Phoenix Hall of the Byodoin (FIG 8-12) with those of the Ise Shrine (FIG. 8-5). In what way do the Kondo and the Phoenix Hall reflect Chinese prototypes? 2. Discuss briefly the interaction of native traditions and Chinese influence in the art of Japan from the fifth through the fifteenth centuries. What characteristics can be identified as native Japanese? What features can be considered as imported from China? 3. Discuss the evolution and spread of the figure of the Buddha by comparing the Indian Budda from Gandhara (FIGS. 6-9 and 6-12), the Chinese Sakyamuni Buddha (FIG. 7-9), and the Buddha from Longmen (FIG. 7-12). What differences if any, do you see that may be based upon nationality? What are based upon Buddhist sect? 4. Discuss the evolution and spread of the figure of the Buddha by comparing the Korean Buddha from Sokkuram (FIG. 7-27), the Japanese Shaka and Yakushi Triads (FIGS. 8-7 and 8-8), and the Amida Triad (FIG. 18-9). What differences if any, do you see that may be based upon nationality? What are based upon Buddhist sect? Were the Japanese figures made for Hinyana or Mahayana Buddists? How do you know? 5. Select and compare a Chinese painting from the Song or Southern Song periods with a Japanese painting during the Kamakura period. What emotional mood is created in each and what stylisic devices does each artist use to create them? LOOKING CAREFULLY, DESCRIBING AND ANALYZING 84 Compare the detail from the Japanese handscroll The Legends of Mont Shigi (FIG. 814) with the contemporary Chinese hanging scroll of Arhats Giving Alms to Beggars (FIG. 7-24.) How does the format of each affect the composition? Use the following terms in your analysis: mass and line, definition of 2 and 3 dimensional space, use of perspective, hue, tonality, and saturation of color, movement and balance. 85