Download Semester 1 English Midterms Review Sheet

Semester 1 English Midterms Review Sheet
Unit 8: Subject, Predicates, and Sentences
Kinds of Sentences
-a sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought
-a declarative sentence makes a statement; it ends with a period
-an interrogative sentence asks a question; it ends with a question mark
-an exclamatory sentence expresses strong feeling; it ends with an exclamation point
-an imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request; it ends with a period or an
exclamation point
Sentences and Sentence Fragments
-every sentence has two parts: a subject and a predicated
-the subject part of a sentence names whom or what the sentence is about
-the predicate part of the sentence tells what the subject does or has; it can also describe what the
subject is or is like
-a sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought; it may also be
missing a subject, a predicate, or both
Subjects and Predicates
-a sentence consists of a subject and a predicate, which together express a complete thought; both
a subject and predicate may consist of more than one word
-the complete subject includes all of the words in the subject of a sentence
-the complete predicate includes all of the words in the predicate of a sentence
-the simple subject is the main words or group of words in the complete subject; it is usually a
noun or a pronoun
-the simple predicate is the main word or group of words in the complete predicate; always a
verb
Identifying the Subject
-not all sentences begin with the subject
-many questions begin with a word that is part of the predicate
-to locate the subject in a question, it helps to rearrange the words to form a statement
-the predicate also precedes the subject in statement beginning with There is, There are, Here is,
or Here are
-in commands, the subject is usually not states; the word you is understood to be the subject
Compound Subjects and Predicates
-a compound subject has two or more simple subjects that have the same predicate; the subjects
are joined by and, or, or nor
-when the two simple subjects are joined by and or by both…and, the compound subject is plural
and takes the plural form of the verb
-when simple subjects are joined by or or nor, the compound subject maybe singular or plural;
the verb must agree with the nearer simple subject
-a compound predicate has two or more simple predicates, or verbs, that have the same subject;
the simple predicates are connected by and, but, or, or nor
Simple and Compound Sentences
-a simple sentence has one subject and one predicate
-a compound sentence is a sentence that contains two or more simple sentences joined by a
commas and a coordinating conjunction or by a semicolon
Unit 9: Nouns
Kinds of Nouns
-a noun names a person, place, thing, or idea
-a proper noun names a specific person, place, thing, or idea
-a common noun names any person, place, thing, or idea
-concrete nouns names things that you can see or touch
-abstract nouns name idea, qualities, or characteristics
Compound Nouns
-compound nouns are nouns that are made up of two or more words
-compound nouns can be written as one word (e.g. hometown)
-other compound nouns are written as two or more words joined by hyphens (e.g. mother-in-law)
-for making one-word compound nouns plural, add –s to most words; add –es to most words that
end in ch, sh, s, or x. (e.g. bookmarks, matchboxes)
-for making hyphenated compound nouns or compound nouns consisting of more than one word
plural, make the most important part of the word plural (e.g. runners-up, music boxes)
Possessive Nouns and Contractions
-a possessive noun names who or what owns or has something
-to form the possessive of all singular nouns and plural nouns not ending in –s, you add an
apostrophe and –s (‘s).
-to form the possessive of plural nouns already ending in –s, you add only an apostrophe. (-s’)
-a contraction is a word made by combining two words into one by leaving out one or more
letters (e.g. She’s going to the mall)
Collective Nouns
-a collective noun names a group of individuals; every collective noun can have either a singular
meaning or a plural meaning
-when the collective noun is a single unit, use a singular verb
-when the collective noun refers to the individual members of the group, use a plural verb
Appositives
-an appositive is a noun placed next to another noun to identify it or add information about it
-an appositive phrase is a group of words that includes an appositive and other words that
describe the appositive
-usually, appositives are set off from the nouns they identify by commas
Unit 10: Verbs
Action Verbs
-an action verb is a word that names an action; it may contain more than one word
-action nouns can express physical actions, such as writing and running, or mental activities,
such as thinking and honoring
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
-every sentence has a subject and a predicate; in some sentences the predicate consists of only an
action verb
-usually sentences provide more information; the predicate often names who or what received
the action of the verb
-a direct object receives the action of a verb; it answers the question whom? or what? after an
action verb
-a transitive verb has a direct object
-an intransitive verb does not have a direct object
Verbs with Indirect Object
-sometimes two kinds of object follow an action verb
-the object that directly receives the action of the verb is the direct object
-an indirect object answers the question to whom? or for whom? an action is done
Linking Verbs and Predicate Words
-a linking verb connects the subject of a sentence with a noun or an adjective in the predicate
-a predicate noun is a noun that follows a linking verb; it tells what the subject is
-a predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb; it describes the subject by
telling what it is like
Present, Past, and Future Tense
-the present tense of a verb names an action that is happening now or that happens regularly; it
can also express a general truth
-when the subject is a singular noun or he, she, or it, -s is usually added to the verb
-the past tense of a verb names an action that already happened
-the future tense of a verb names an action that will take place in the future
Main Verbs and Helping Verbs
-the principal parts of a verb are often combined with helping verbs to form verb phrases
-a helping verb is a verb that completes the meaning of the main verb
-a verb phrase consists of one or more helping verbs followed by a main verb
-present participle: usually with -ing (e.g. they are jumping)
-past participle: usually with –ed (e.g. they have jumped, they had jumped)
Progressive Forms
-the present progressive form of a verb names an action or condition that is continuing in the
present (e.g. I am enjoying)
-the past progressive form of a verb names an action or condition that continued for some time in
the past (e.g. They were winning)
Perfect Tenses
-the present perfect tense of a verb names an action that happened at an indefinite time in the
past; it also tells about an action that happened in the past and is still happening (e.g. we have
watched)
-the past perfect tense of a verb names an action that happened before another action or event in
the past (e.g. it had started)
Unit 11: Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
-a pronoun is a word that takes the place of one or more nouns
-pronouns that are used to refer to people or things are called personal pronouns
-a subject pronoun is a personal pronoun in the nominative case; it is used as the subject of a
sentence
-an object pronoun is a personal pronoun in the objective case; it is used as the object of a verb
or a preposition
-the noun or group of words that a pronoun refers to is called its antecedent
Possessive Pronouns
-a possessive pronoun is a pronoun in the possessive case; it shows who or what has something;
a possessive pronoun may take the place of a possessive noun
-one form of possessive pronoun is used before a noun; the other form is used alone
-possessive pronouns are not written with apostrophes
Indefinite Pronouns
-an indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that does not refer to a particular person, place, or thing
-common singular indefinite pronouns: another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either,
everybody, everyone, everything, much, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one, somebody,
someone, something
-common plural indefinite pronouns: both, few, many, others, several
Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns
-reflexive and intensive pronouns are formed by adding –self or –selves to certain personal and
possessive pronouns
-a reflexive pronoun refers to a noun or another pronoun and indicates that the same person or
thing is involved
-an intensive pronoun is a pronoun that adds emphasis to a noun or pronoun already named
Interrogative Pronouns
-and interrogative pronoun is a pronoun used to introduce an interrogative sentence
The Giver Vocabulary
 Adherence: faithful attachment; devotion
 Mystified: to confuse or puzzle mentally
 Aptitude: quickness in learning and understanding; intelligence
 Serene: calm, peaceful, or tranquil
 Palpable: 1. readily or plainly seen, heard, perceived, etc; obvious; evident or 2. capable of
being touched or felt; tangible
 Distraught: distracted; deeply agitated
 Apprehensive: uneasy or fearful about something that might happen
 Chastise: to discipline, esp. by corporal punishment
 Chortle: to chuckle gleefully
 Transgression: a violation of a law, command, or duty
 Nondescript: undistinguished or uninteresting; dull or insipid
 Infraction: breach; violation; infringement
 Reprieve: to delay the impending punishment or sentence
 Meticulous: taking or showing extreme care about minute details; precise; thorough
 Relinquish: to renounce, surrender, or give up
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Interdependence: mutually dependent; depending on each other
Prestige: reputation of influence arising from success, achievement, rank, or other favorable
attributes
Excruciating: extremely painful; causing intense suffering; unbearably distressing; torturing
Exuberant: abounding in vitality; extremely joyful and vigorous
Indulgent: lenient or permissive
Anguish: excruciating or acute distress, suffering, or pain
Scrupulous: having scruples, arising from a sense of right and wrong; principled
Buoyancy: the power to float or rise in a fluid
Indolence: habitual laziness; sloth
Exasperate: to irritate or provoke to a high degree; annoy extremely
Exhilarate: to make cheerful or merry
Fretful: nervous and unable to relax
Assuage: to make milder or less severe, relieve, ease, mitigate
Admonition: counsel, advice, or caution
Ominous: menacing, threatening
Sinuous: having many curves, bends, or turns; winding
Immobilize: to make immobile or immovable; fix in place
Implore: to beg urgently
Carnage: the slaughter of a great number of people, as in battle; butchery; massacre
Rueful: causing sorrow or pity
Solitude: the state of being or living alone; seclusion
Pervade: to become spread throughout all parts of
Obsolete: out of date
Permeate: too pass into or through every part of
Syringe: a medical instrument used to inject fluids into the body or draw them from it
Wretched: miserable; pitiable
Dejected: depressed in spirits; disheartened; low-spirited
Augmented: added to or made greater in amount or number or strength
Lethargy: the quality of start of being drowsy and dull, listless and unenergetic, or indifferent
and lazy
Sarcastic: characterized by the use of unpleasant remarks intended to hurt a person’s feelings
Peril: exposure to the risk of harm or loss
Solace: comfort in sorrow, misfortune, or trouble
Languid: lacking in vigor or vitality; slack or slow
Reading Comprehension
Barrio Boy
-talks about the story of a Mexican boy’s life in the United States as a student
-the theme of multiculturalism
Names/Nombres
-talks about the life of a Spanish girl, focusing on how she had many different names because her
friends did not know how to pronounce it
-the theme of multiculturalism appears again
The Only Girl in the World for Me
-talks about a boy called Bill and how he experiences “love at first sight”
-the idea of “maturing” comes into scene
-how do we mature? What were some examples of how Bill was maturing?
Rikki Tikki Tavi
-the story was told in the perspective on a mongoose called Rikki Tikki Tavi
-an action story based on how mongooses and snakes do not get along with each other
The Giver
-the story was told in the perspective of a twelve-years old boy, Jonas
-he lives in a community where it is depicted as an “Utopia”, but is it really?
-people of the community are unfailingly polite, and everything is orderly
-the people does not have (rarely) the freedom to choose; most decisions are made by the Elders
-Jonas realizes he is different from the rest of the people
-he was assigned to become a Receiver of Memory
-he begins to receive memories of various sorts, which eventually led to his escape
-in the end it is depicted as he goes to Elsewhere, but we don’t know if he dies or not
-the idea of symbolism is very important
-what were some examples of symbols in the story?