* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Semester 1 English Midterms Review Sheet
Old Irish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
English clause syntax wikipedia , lookup
Japanese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lexical semantics wikipedia , lookup
Arabic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Macedonian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Norse morphology wikipedia , lookup
Compound (linguistics) wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ojibwe grammar wikipedia , lookup
Navajo grammar wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Georgian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Udmurt grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Zulu grammar wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
Kannada grammar wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Romanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Italian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Romanian nouns wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Icelandic grammar wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Semester 1 English Midterms Review Sheet Unit 8: Subject, Predicates, and Sentences Kinds of Sentences -a sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought -a declarative sentence makes a statement; it ends with a period -an interrogative sentence asks a question; it ends with a question mark -an exclamatory sentence expresses strong feeling; it ends with an exclamation point -an imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request; it ends with a period or an exclamation point Sentences and Sentence Fragments -every sentence has two parts: a subject and a predicated -the subject part of a sentence names whom or what the sentence is about -the predicate part of the sentence tells what the subject does or has; it can also describe what the subject is or is like -a sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought; it may also be missing a subject, a predicate, or both Subjects and Predicates -a sentence consists of a subject and a predicate, which together express a complete thought; both a subject and predicate may consist of more than one word -the complete subject includes all of the words in the subject of a sentence -the complete predicate includes all of the words in the predicate of a sentence -the simple subject is the main words or group of words in the complete subject; it is usually a noun or a pronoun -the simple predicate is the main word or group of words in the complete predicate; always a verb Identifying the Subject -not all sentences begin with the subject -many questions begin with a word that is part of the predicate -to locate the subject in a question, it helps to rearrange the words to form a statement -the predicate also precedes the subject in statement beginning with There is, There are, Here is, or Here are -in commands, the subject is usually not states; the word you is understood to be the subject Compound Subjects and Predicates -a compound subject has two or more simple subjects that have the same predicate; the subjects are joined by and, or, or nor -when the two simple subjects are joined by and or by both…and, the compound subject is plural and takes the plural form of the verb -when simple subjects are joined by or or nor, the compound subject maybe singular or plural; the verb must agree with the nearer simple subject -a compound predicate has two or more simple predicates, or verbs, that have the same subject; the simple predicates are connected by and, but, or, or nor Simple and Compound Sentences -a simple sentence has one subject and one predicate -a compound sentence is a sentence that contains two or more simple sentences joined by a commas and a coordinating conjunction or by a semicolon Unit 9: Nouns Kinds of Nouns -a noun names a person, place, thing, or idea -a proper noun names a specific person, place, thing, or idea -a common noun names any person, place, thing, or idea -concrete nouns names things that you can see or touch -abstract nouns name idea, qualities, or characteristics Compound Nouns -compound nouns are nouns that are made up of two or more words -compound nouns can be written as one word (e.g. hometown) -other compound nouns are written as two or more words joined by hyphens (e.g. mother-in-law) -for making one-word compound nouns plural, add –s to most words; add –es to most words that end in ch, sh, s, or x. (e.g. bookmarks, matchboxes) -for making hyphenated compound nouns or compound nouns consisting of more than one word plural, make the most important part of the word plural (e.g. runners-up, music boxes) Possessive Nouns and Contractions -a possessive noun names who or what owns or has something -to form the possessive of all singular nouns and plural nouns not ending in –s, you add an apostrophe and –s (‘s). -to form the possessive of plural nouns already ending in –s, you add only an apostrophe. (-s’) -a contraction is a word made by combining two words into one by leaving out one or more letters (e.g. She’s going to the mall) Collective Nouns -a collective noun names a group of individuals; every collective noun can have either a singular meaning or a plural meaning -when the collective noun is a single unit, use a singular verb -when the collective noun refers to the individual members of the group, use a plural verb Appositives -an appositive is a noun placed next to another noun to identify it or add information about it -an appositive phrase is a group of words that includes an appositive and other words that describe the appositive -usually, appositives are set off from the nouns they identify by commas Unit 10: Verbs Action Verbs -an action verb is a word that names an action; it may contain more than one word -action nouns can express physical actions, such as writing and running, or mental activities, such as thinking and honoring Transitive and Intransitive Verbs -every sentence has a subject and a predicate; in some sentences the predicate consists of only an action verb -usually sentences provide more information; the predicate often names who or what received the action of the verb -a direct object receives the action of a verb; it answers the question whom? or what? after an action verb -a transitive verb has a direct object -an intransitive verb does not have a direct object Verbs with Indirect Object -sometimes two kinds of object follow an action verb -the object that directly receives the action of the verb is the direct object -an indirect object answers the question to whom? or for whom? an action is done Linking Verbs and Predicate Words -a linking verb connects the subject of a sentence with a noun or an adjective in the predicate -a predicate noun is a noun that follows a linking verb; it tells what the subject is -a predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb; it describes the subject by telling what it is like Present, Past, and Future Tense -the present tense of a verb names an action that is happening now or that happens regularly; it can also express a general truth -when the subject is a singular noun or he, she, or it, -s is usually added to the verb -the past tense of a verb names an action that already happened -the future tense of a verb names an action that will take place in the future Main Verbs and Helping Verbs -the principal parts of a verb are often combined with helping verbs to form verb phrases -a helping verb is a verb that completes the meaning of the main verb -a verb phrase consists of one or more helping verbs followed by a main verb -present participle: usually with -ing (e.g. they are jumping) -past participle: usually with –ed (e.g. they have jumped, they had jumped) Progressive Forms -the present progressive form of a verb names an action or condition that is continuing in the present (e.g. I am enjoying) -the past progressive form of a verb names an action or condition that continued for some time in the past (e.g. They were winning) Perfect Tenses -the present perfect tense of a verb names an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past; it also tells about an action that happened in the past and is still happening (e.g. we have watched) -the past perfect tense of a verb names an action that happened before another action or event in the past (e.g. it had started) Unit 11: Pronouns Personal Pronouns -a pronoun is a word that takes the place of one or more nouns -pronouns that are used to refer to people or things are called personal pronouns -a subject pronoun is a personal pronoun in the nominative case; it is used as the subject of a sentence -an object pronoun is a personal pronoun in the objective case; it is used as the object of a verb or a preposition -the noun or group of words that a pronoun refers to is called its antecedent Possessive Pronouns -a possessive pronoun is a pronoun in the possessive case; it shows who or what has something; a possessive pronoun may take the place of a possessive noun -one form of possessive pronoun is used before a noun; the other form is used alone -possessive pronouns are not written with apostrophes Indefinite Pronouns -an indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that does not refer to a particular person, place, or thing -common singular indefinite pronouns: another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, much, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one, somebody, someone, something -common plural indefinite pronouns: both, few, many, others, several Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns -reflexive and intensive pronouns are formed by adding –self or –selves to certain personal and possessive pronouns -a reflexive pronoun refers to a noun or another pronoun and indicates that the same person or thing is involved -an intensive pronoun is a pronoun that adds emphasis to a noun or pronoun already named Interrogative Pronouns -and interrogative pronoun is a pronoun used to introduce an interrogative sentence The Giver Vocabulary Adherence: faithful attachment; devotion Mystified: to confuse or puzzle mentally Aptitude: quickness in learning and understanding; intelligence Serene: calm, peaceful, or tranquil Palpable: 1. readily or plainly seen, heard, perceived, etc; obvious; evident or 2. capable of being touched or felt; tangible Distraught: distracted; deeply agitated Apprehensive: uneasy or fearful about something that might happen Chastise: to discipline, esp. by corporal punishment Chortle: to chuckle gleefully Transgression: a violation of a law, command, or duty Nondescript: undistinguished or uninteresting; dull or insipid Infraction: breach; violation; infringement Reprieve: to delay the impending punishment or sentence Meticulous: taking or showing extreme care about minute details; precise; thorough Relinquish: to renounce, surrender, or give up Interdependence: mutually dependent; depending on each other Prestige: reputation of influence arising from success, achievement, rank, or other favorable attributes Excruciating: extremely painful; causing intense suffering; unbearably distressing; torturing Exuberant: abounding in vitality; extremely joyful and vigorous Indulgent: lenient or permissive Anguish: excruciating or acute distress, suffering, or pain Scrupulous: having scruples, arising from a sense of right and wrong; principled Buoyancy: the power to float or rise in a fluid Indolence: habitual laziness; sloth Exasperate: to irritate or provoke to a high degree; annoy extremely Exhilarate: to make cheerful or merry Fretful: nervous and unable to relax Assuage: to make milder or less severe, relieve, ease, mitigate Admonition: counsel, advice, or caution Ominous: menacing, threatening Sinuous: having many curves, bends, or turns; winding Immobilize: to make immobile or immovable; fix in place Implore: to beg urgently Carnage: the slaughter of a great number of people, as in battle; butchery; massacre Rueful: causing sorrow or pity Solitude: the state of being or living alone; seclusion Pervade: to become spread throughout all parts of Obsolete: out of date Permeate: too pass into or through every part of Syringe: a medical instrument used to inject fluids into the body or draw them from it Wretched: miserable; pitiable Dejected: depressed in spirits; disheartened; low-spirited Augmented: added to or made greater in amount or number or strength Lethargy: the quality of start of being drowsy and dull, listless and unenergetic, or indifferent and lazy Sarcastic: characterized by the use of unpleasant remarks intended to hurt a person’s feelings Peril: exposure to the risk of harm or loss Solace: comfort in sorrow, misfortune, or trouble Languid: lacking in vigor or vitality; slack or slow Reading Comprehension Barrio Boy -talks about the story of a Mexican boy’s life in the United States as a student -the theme of multiculturalism Names/Nombres -talks about the life of a Spanish girl, focusing on how she had many different names because her friends did not know how to pronounce it -the theme of multiculturalism appears again The Only Girl in the World for Me -talks about a boy called Bill and how he experiences “love at first sight” -the idea of “maturing” comes into scene -how do we mature? What were some examples of how Bill was maturing? Rikki Tikki Tavi -the story was told in the perspective on a mongoose called Rikki Tikki Tavi -an action story based on how mongooses and snakes do not get along with each other The Giver -the story was told in the perspective of a twelve-years old boy, Jonas -he lives in a community where it is depicted as an “Utopia”, but is it really? -people of the community are unfailingly polite, and everything is orderly -the people does not have (rarely) the freedom to choose; most decisions are made by the Elders -Jonas realizes he is different from the rest of the people -he was assigned to become a Receiver of Memory -he begins to receive memories of various sorts, which eventually led to his escape -in the end it is depicted as he goes to Elsewhere, but we don’t know if he dies or not -the idea of symbolism is very important -what were some examples of symbols in the story?