Download Unit 2 – Cells and Systems

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Unit 2 - Cells and Systems
Topic 1 – Living Organisms
1.
Characteristics of living organisms are:
A.________________________________________________________________.
B.________________________________________________________________.
C.________________________________________________________________.
D.________________________________________________________________.
E.________________________________________________________________.
2.
Systems are made up of ___________________. All major organs are made from
______________. The basic unit of every system is the _____________________. The
_________________ is the smallest thing that scientists consider to be ______________.
3.
On pages 100 and 101, there are examples of three systems. In flow chart form, show how
these systems work.
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Topic 2 – Microscopes and Cells
A World Too Small To See
1.
The human eye can only see objects
.
a) Which circle appears to be a solid colour for you? ____________.
b) Is this circle really made up of dots too?
.
Early Microscopes
2.
One early scientist to see single celled organisms, “animalcules”, was the Dutch linen
merchant, _____________________________________.
3.
An English Scientist,
looked at a piece of
and saw little boxes he called
.
Cells in All Living Things
4.
Two German scientists
and
combined their observations to make a
hypothesis. The hypothesis stated:

and from this hypothesis suggested that:

because
.
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5.
Name:____ ______________
Rudolf Virchow formed the basis of a set of hypotheses called the
.
Two important points if this theory are:

.

.
Microscopes Today
6.
Compound light microscopes have
can magnify objects as much as
7.
lenses. The best light microscope
.
The first electron microscope was built in Germany in 1932 and could magnify up to
.
A Valuable Tool
8.
The first practical electron microscope was developed by two Canadians at the
. They were
. This microscope could magnify up to
9.
Today’s electron microscopes can magnify up to
and
.
.
Using a Microscope
10.
Label the Compound Light Microscope provided by your teacher.
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Topic 3 – The Cell and Its Structures
1.
2.
Multicellular organisms are living things that
.
Unicellular organisms are living things that
.
By studying
we can understand the
and
of cells in
.
Cell Parts viewed With a Light Microscope:
3.
Cells of multicellular organisms fit together in much the same way as a building is made of
.
Cell Parts:
4.
5.
Structures inside the cell are known as
. Each organelle has a role to
play in the
.
There are SIX organelles we will study in this unit. Name each one and describe its
characteristics.
A. Cell Membrane

Surrounds the cell


B.




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C.





D.



E.




F.




6.
Label the following cells with the letters of the appropriate structures identified in question
#5.
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Cell Size and Function:
7.
Small organisms are made of small microscopic cells; large organisms are made up of
cells.
8.
Cells need a constant supply of
. They
also to
9.
.
All materials have to
and
the cell through the
.
10.
Using the idea of a swimming pool (page 125) explain why most cells are microscopic.
11.
If a cell were the size of a large school then the organelles would range in size from
to
.
Small, Smaller, Smallest:
12.
Cells do vary in size. This size is determined by the size in which they
. To grow larger organisms
to their body rather than
.
13.
In one (1) millimetre there are
14.
In the diagram below label the probable width of each of the cells.
___µm
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cells
micrometres.
___µm
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___µm
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Topic 4 - Fluid Movement in Cells
The Cell Membrane
1.
The structure of the cell membrane determines whether it is ________________,
________________, or ________________.
2.
Individual ______________ carry out the same activities as whole ______________.
3.
What is the difference between a selectively permeable, permeable, and impermeable
membrane?
Diffusion
4.
Explain why particles in liquids and gases are able to diffuse.
Diffusion in Cells
5.
Diffusion plays a part in moving substances into and out of cells. Explain how this occurs
using the example in Figures 2.13A&B.
Osmosis
6.
The most common substance found inside and around cells is _______________.
7.
Explain how a dehydrated carrot becomes crisp once placed in water for several hours.
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Fluid Movement in Plants
8.
Plants require _______________ to make _______________ in the process of
_______________.
9.
How does water get from soil into the plants?
10.
How do the roots of the plants obtain the sugars they need from the plants’ leaves?
From Root to Leaf
11.
When the concentration of water in the soil is _______________ than the concentration of
water in the root cells, water enters the root hairs by _______________.
12.
Water is transported by _______________ tissue into the stems and the leaves.
13.
Most photosynthesis takes place in a layer of cells in the leaf that are filled with
_______________.
14.
Why are many leaves typically flat and thin?
15.
_______________ allow air to enter the leaf, supplying the _______________ the cells
need for _______________ and the carbon dioxide they need for _______________.
Transpiration
16.
The loss of water from a plant through evaporation is called _______________.
17.
When does the process of transpiration become a problem?
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Pulling and Pushing
18.
Water drawn into the root hairs by osmosis _______________ slender water columns up
the plant.
19.
Water lost form the leaves by transpiration _______________ water up the
_______________ tissues from the roots.
20.
Label the diagram of a typical leaf structure provided by your teacher.
Topic 5 Cell - Specialization and Organization
Specialized Cells
1.
Different cells that have different appearances and perform different jobs are said to be
_______________ for particular tasks.
2.
Provide two examples of specialized cells in the human body. What are their roles?
3.
The shapes of plant and animal cells are related to their functions. Provide two examples
where this is evident. Be sure to include the function.
The Advantages of Being Multi-cellular/ Cell Organization
4.
Name two disadvantages of being unicellular.
5.
Name four advantages of being multi-cellular.
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6.
Cells with the same structure and function are grouped into _______________.
7.
Groups of different tissues form _______________.
8.
Organs work together in _______________.
9.
Systems work together to form an organism, an arrangement which forms several different
_______________ in living things.
Tissues
10.
What are tissues?
11.
Name each type of tissue.
12.
_______________
moves parts of the body
_______________
carries signals between the brain and other body parts to coordinate activities.
_______________
(bone) connects and supports different parts of the body; may be
solid or fluid
_______________
(skin) protects the outside of the body and also covers internal
structures, such as the intestines.
Provide three descriptions of connective tissues.
Organs
13.
What is an organ?
14.
Each organ is made of several _______________ working together to perform particular
functions.
15.
Briefly describe three human organs and their functions.
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16.
Provide three examples of animal organs, and three examples of plant organs.
17.
Draw and label the diagram of the human digestive system (see figure 2.26 on p. 146)
Systems
18.
_______________ form systems to perform activities that help plants and animals function
as a whole.
19.
Plants have _______________ main systems. Describe each system’s function.
20.
When do plants use a third system? What can this system include?
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Topic 6 – Body Systems in Humans
1.
Name the three organ systems that supply the body with food and oxygen for energy.
2.
Describe the function of each of the systems from question #1.
3.
Where do the tissues of the respiratory and circulatory systems come into contact?
4.
Describe the route taken by air as it enters the respiratory system.
5.
Name the three main types of blood vessels.
6.
Where does diffusion of oxygen occur between the respiratory and circulatory systems?
7.
Where does the exchange of food from the digestive system to the circulatory system
occur?
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8.
Dissolved food particles pass from the ___________ into the _______________ by a
process called _________________.
9.
How are alveoli and villi alike?
10.
Filtering waste materials from the _________ is the main function of the
_______________ system. The key organs in this system are your two _______________.
11.
Nearly ____ percent of your body heat is lost through the ________. Most of the rest of
your body heat is lost through your ____________.
12.
Describe two examples of how your body cools itself down.
13.
Describe two examples of how your body warms up.
14.
To keep your body temperature stable, your ____________, ______________, and
____________ all function together.
15.
Working together, your ______________, ______________, and
_______________________ adjust your blood flow and muscle activity.
16.
Your body’s responses to stimuli are co-coordinated by the ______________system and
the __________________ system.
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Topic 7 – Body Systems and Your Health
1.
The _____________ works continuously to deliver ______________ and to remove
_______________ from every cell of our bodies.
2.
The blood vessels of the ____________________ system form a complex network linking
the _____________ environment with the _______________ environment of the body.
3.
About ____ percent of an adults body weight is blood.
4.
Complete the following table with the components of blood:
Component
Percentage of
Blood (by volume)
Main Function
Plasma
Carry Oxygen
White Blood
Cells
Cause blood to clot (thicken) at site
of wounds to prevent blood loss.
5.
Disorders of the ________________ system are the leading cause of death in North
America.
6.
One disorder is high blood pressure (hypertension) which can lead to
__________________ and _______________.
7.
Blood pressure indicates several things about the health of the circulatory system. Name
five.
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8.
Certain conditions such as _______________________, ______________________,
______________, lack of ______________, and a poor ____________ put people at risk of
disorders of the circulatory system.
9.
Some foods provide energy and materials for cell _______________, __________, and
________________.
10.
Starch and _____________ are carbohydrates and provide the body with its main source of
energy.
11.
Why should starch be the main carbohydrate in a diet?
12.
Name two functions of fat in the body.
13.
What function do proteins have in the body?
14.
One disorder of the digestive system is colon cancer. Name two contributing factors of
colon cancer.
15.
Long-term emotional stress, ____________, or excessive use of ______________, or
aspiring can lead to peptic ulcer.
16.
Your respiratory system is lined with cells with _______________. These ___________
beat continuously to remove airborne particles.
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17.
Briefly explain the steps in getting the respiratory disorder, emphysema.
18.
Name three disorders of the respiratory system that are caused by smoking.
19.
What are the 5 essential needs to maintain healthy organs and systems?
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