Download File

Kingdom Plantae
Plants are ___________, __________ organisms. Plants are
________, meaning that they produce their own food through
the process of ___________________.
Plants have a life cycle in which they alternate between two
forms (called ______________________________):
i) Haploid form
Called a ____________________ (produces gametes)
ii) Diploid form
Called a ____________ (result of the union of two gametes)
Major Divisions
Plant Kingdom
Non-Vascular Plants
(bryophytes)
e.g. mosses
Vascular Plants
(tracheophytes)
Seedless Plants
(pteridophytes)
e.g. ferns
Plants with Seeds
(spermatophytes)
"Naked Seeds"
(gymnosperms)
e.g. conifers
"Enclosed Seeds"
(angiosperms)
e.g. trees, shrubs, flowers
Monocots
e.g. corn
Dicots
e.g. beans
Vascular and Non-vascular Plants

Most plants consist of ______________________________:
- Roots penetrate the soil to ________ the plant and to reach sources of ______
- Leaves provide a greater _____________ to carry out ___________________
- Stems supply rigid tissues that _______ and __________ the ___________

In order for roots, leaves and stems to grow they need a regular supply of ______,
and _____________

These tasks are carried out by vascular tissue - vascular tissue are made up of cells
that conduct solutions throughout the plant (similar to a circulatory system)

There are two main types of vascular tissue:
Xylem Phloem -

Evolution of vascular tissue has allowed plants to
increase in ________
Non-vascular Plants (Mosses and their Relatives)
There are three divisions of Mosses:
1.
Mosses (__________________)
- Lack vascular tissue and do not have well-developed roots
- Thrive in diverse habitats such as bogs, tundra, exposed rocks and deep shade
2.
Liverworts (_____________________)
- Grow flat and close to the ground
- Rarely more than 30 cells thick
3.
Hornworts (______________________)
- Gametophytes are broad flat and usually less than 2 cm in diameter
- Have a blue-green colour
Seedless Vascular Plants (Ferns and their Relatives)
 Developed vascular tissue that
allowed them to grow tall
 Sporophyte generation is the
dominant stage
 Gametophyte generation are
tiny, short-lived and depended
on moisture to carry out
sexual reproduction
Vascular Plants (disperse by
seeds)
 Seeds allow a plant to
reproduce sexually without
needing water
 Seeds also provide protection
against harsh environmental
conditions
There are two groups of seeds:
1. Gymnosperms "naked seeds"
These are ___________ plants
with most possessing ________.
There are both male and female
cones.
Generalized life cycle of a gymnosperm:
 In male cones, microspore mother cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid pollen grains,
the male gametophytes.
 Female cones have ovules in which a megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to
produces only one megaspore, or female gametophyte.
 Pollen gets trapped on sticky sap secreted by the female cone.
 After fertilization, the diploid zygote develops into an embryo, which remains in the
ripened ovule, now called a seed.
 Mature "naked" seeds fall out of the female cones.
 It may be several years before the seedling grows into a mature plant to produce its
own cones.
2. Angiosperms
_________ plants that protect their seeds within a _____. Monocots have one _______
(seed leaf) and dicots have two cotyledons.
Generalized life cycle of an angiosperm:
 Within the anther chambers, microspore mother cells undergo meiosis to produce
haploid pollen grains, or male gametophyte.
 Within the ovule, a megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to produce only one
megaspore, or female gametophyte.
 Pollination is aided by wind, insects, birds, and bats.
 Pollen gets trapped by the sticky substance on the stigma.
 Self-pollination involves one plant only; cross-pollination involves two separate plants.
 After fertilization, the diploid zygote grows into an embryo, which remains in the
ripened ovule, now called a seed.
 As the seeds develop, the ovary and other parts develop into the fruit enclosing the
seeds.
The Life Cycle of a Flowering Plant