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Biology: Physiology Take Home Exam (200pts) Instructions: This exam is to be taken at home on your own time. There is not a time limit for the exam. You may only use you notes, book, and additional classroom material when taking the test. Please DO NOT look the answers up online ((by reading through the notes and text, you will learn a lot more (which is the goal) than if you search online)) You may not work with another student on the test. If you have questions while taking the test, please email me at [email protected]. Obviously, I cannot easily enforce this solitary guideline. It is, therefore, an honor code that I am asking you to follow. The test is due in class Wednesday, April 28th. Name________________________ Date_____________ Multiple Choice (2 pts each) 1. Pulmonary Circulation involves movement of blood between the heart and the A. lungs B. head C. liver D. kidneys 2. Which of the following is NOT a function of plasma A. to carry substances that nourish cells B. to aid in the formation of blood clots C. to carry the majority of the oxygen supply of the blood D. to defend against disease 3. A person with no antigens on the red blood cells has blood type A. AB Rh+ C. A Rh+ B. O RhD. O Rh+ 4. The wall that divides the heart vertically is the A. ventricle C. septum B. pericardium D. atrium 5. During systole, blood moves from the A. ventricles to the atria C. atria to the ventricles B. atria to the veins D. ventricles to the arteries 6. Vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called A. veins C. venules B. capillaries D. arteries 7. The smallest and most numerous blood vessels in the body are called A. venules B. veins C. capillaries D. arteries 8. A condition known as atherosclerosis results in A. increased circulation to the heart B. larger muscles C. a narrowing of the inner walls of blood vessels D. a widening of inner wall of blood vessels 9. The iron containing molecule in red blood cells is called A. plasma C. ferric oxide B. hemoglobin D. carbonic acid 10. An abnormality involving the platelets would probably affect the process of A. breathing B. locomotion C. fighting bacterial infections D. blood clotting 11. During swallowing, the air passage of the pharynx is covered by the A. larynx B. trachea C. epiglottis D. bronchi 12. The actual exchange of gases occurs at the site of the A. trachea C. nasal passageway B. larynx D. alveoli 13. Carbon Dioxide : lungs : A. nitrogenous wastes : kidneys C. nitrogenous wastes : lungs B. nutrients : lungs D. nutrients : kidneys 14. When the diaphragm and rib cage relax, A. the chest cavity enlarges C. inspiration occurs B. expiration occurs D. it is impossible to breathe 15. When the inflammatory response is triggered, A. damaged or infected cells release chemical alarm signals B. more fluid than normal leaks from capillaries near the injury, and swelling results C. white blood cells attack invading pathogens D. All of the above 16. The body’s first line of defense against infection includes all of the following except A. skin B. acids in the stomach C. mucous membranes D. interleukin – 1 17. Phagocytes, such as macrophages, A. produce strong antibodies C. secrete interferon 18. Antibodies A. prevent diseases caused by vaccines B. are produced by bacteria that infect animals C. help destroy microbes that invade the body D. cause viruses to infect bacterial cells 19. The role of T-helper cells in immune response is to A. secrete interleukin – 1 B. stimulate macrophages to initiate an “alarm signal” C. initiate the activities of neutrophils D. activate two different types of immune system cells 20. Which of the following pairs is incorrectly associated? A. cytotoxic T cells – attack and kill infected cells B. helper T cells – activate killer T cells and B cells C. B cells – engulf cells that are infected with microbes B. shut down immune response D. ingest and destroy pathogens D. macrophages – consume pathogens and infected cells 21. Vaccines are effective in preventing disease because they A. interfere with the release of suppressor T cells B. are antibodies directed against specific pathogens C. contain specific B cells and T cells D. trigger antibody formation 22. Autoimmune diseases occur when A. cells release antihistamine B. a person is infected with HIV C. the body manufactures “anti-self” antibodies D. a person receives a blood transfusion of the wrong type 23. A person infected with HIV may A. develop the disease called AIDS B. have viruses reproduction in helper T cells C. be more susceptible to variety of pathogens D. All of the above 24. Which of the following provides a passage for both food and air? A. espophagus C. trachea B. pharynx D. duodenum 25. The function of the digestive system is to A. chemically break down food C. mechanically break down food B. absorb nutrient materials D. All of the above 26. The wavelike contractions of muscle that move food through the digestive system are A. peristalsis B. mechanical digestion C. voluntary contractions D. involuntary digestion 27. Enzymes in saliva begin the chemical digestion of A. fat C. protein B. carbohydrates D. vitamins 28. Bile A. B. C. D. emulsifies globules of fat into tiny droplets is stored in the liver is produced in the fall bladder All of the above 29. The villi in the small intestine allow for an increase in the rate of A. nutrient absorption C. cellulose digestion B. acid production D. bile production 30. Because of their crucial function, kidneys receive large amounts of A. CO2 B. Oxygen C. food D. blood 31. The filtrate removed from the blood by the kidneys might contain A. salts, amino acids, glucose, and urea B. ammonia, red blood cells, and minerals C. fat, urea, and water D. salts, urea, and plasma 32. Information is carried from the central nervous system to a muscle or gland by A. sensory neurons B. reticular neurons C. afferent neurons D. motor neurons 33. The peripheral nervous system A. is not linked to the central nervous system B. provides pathways to and from the central nervous system C. consists of the cerebellum and spinal cord D. is composed of only motor neurons 34. A reflex A. may involve two or three neurons C. is not under conscious control B. is not learned D. all of the above 35. The myelin sheath A. transmits impulses from one neuron to another B. insulates the synapses C. nourishes the neurons D. insulates the axons 36. Neurotransmitters are A. electrical impulses C. found only in neurons with myelin sheaths B. released at synapses D. produced by muscles 37. All endocrine glands secrete hormones A. directly into the bloodstream C. that affect target cells near the gland B. that are lipid molecules D. that go to the pituitary gland 38. Hormones are essential to maintaining homeostasis mainly because A. they catalyze specific chemical reactions in brain cells B. the body requires them for digesting food C. they cause specific responses in specific targets D. they act faster than nerve impulses 39. All of the following are steroid hormones except A. progesterone C. estrogen B. epinephrine D. testosterone\ 40. Which of the following is an example of an amino acid-based hormone? A. receptor protein B. glycogen C. estrogen D. glucagons 41. The body’s normal metabolic rate is regulated by A. thyroxine C. epinephrine B. estrogen D. prolactin 42. The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland A. secretes releasing hormones that stimulate the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland B. produces and secretes certain steroid hormones C. stores and releases hormones made in the hypothalamus D. is responsible for producing and secreting seven peptide hormones 43. An increase in which hormone raises the blood sugar level? A. glucagons C. insulin B. oxytocin D. ADH 44. In a person with diabetes mellitus, even though blood glucose levels may be high, A. glycogen is stored in large quantities B. cells do not receive glucose C. insulin levels still increase D. None of the above 45. In humans, the largest amount of the carbon dioxide produced by body cells is carried to the lungs as A. CO2 attached to hemoglobin in the red blood cells B. attached to hemoglobin circulating in the plasma C. the bicarbonate ion attached to hemoglobin D. CO2 gas in solution in the plasma E. the bicarbonate ion dissolved in the plasma 46. The main target of antidiuretic hormone is the A. heart B. liver C. thyroid D. kidney E. spleen 47. Questions 48-53 refer to the list of hormones below. You may use each on once, more than once, or not at all. A. Glucagon B. Adrenocorticopic hormone C. Oxytocin D. Thyroxin E. Thyroid-stimulating hormone 48. Induces labor 49. Released by the posterior pituitary 50. Stimulates the adrenal gland 51. Controls metabolic rate 52. Produced in the pancreas 53. Causes blood sugar levels to rise 54. Which of the following is incorrectly paired? A. nephridia – earthworm B. flame cell – bird C. Malpighian tubules – insect D. nephron – ape E. paramecium – contractile vacuole 55. Questions 55-58 refer to the parts of the kidney listed below. A. Descending loop of Henle B. Ascending loop of Henle C. Bowman’s capsule D. Collecting tube E. Proximal and distal tubules 55. 56. 57. 58. Where does filtration occur? Identify where secretion occurs. Identify the area that is impermeable to the diffusion of water. Identify the target structure of ADH. 59. Which of the following sequences describes the passage of a nerve impulse through a simple reflex arc in humans? A. receptor effector interneuron motor neuron sensory neuron B. receptor sensory neuron interneuron effector motor neuron C. sensory neuron effector motor neuron interneuron receptor D. receptor sensory neuron interneuron motor neuron effector E. effector receptor sensory neuron interneuron motor neuron 60. Which would be associated with the parasympathetic system? A. increase in blood sugar B. increase breathing rate C. increasing in adrenaline D. increase in digestion E. increase in epinephrine 61. The threshold potential of a particular membrane measures -70 mV at time zero. After 10 minutes, it measures -90 mV. What is the best explanation for what has happened to the membrane. A. It became polarized B. The concentrations of Na+ and K+ became balanced C. The membrane became hyperpolarized D. The membrane became hypopolarized E. The membrane is likely to pass an impulse at 90 mV 62. What is the basic unit of a skeletal fiber? A. myosin B. the sarcomere C. myofibril D. actin filaments E. Z line 63. What neurotransmitter at the synapse of a neurotransmitter junction causes a muscle to contract? A. GABA D. norepinephrine B. dopamine E. acetylcholine C. serotonin 64. Which of the following is directly responsible for humoral immunity? A. cytotoxic T cells B. macrophages C. B cells D. helper T cells E. neutrophils 65. All of the following are true about MHC (major histocompatibility molecules) EXCEPT A. there are two major classes B. MHC molecules are found on virtually every normal cell in the body C. class II MHC molecules are found on macrophages D. everybody except identical twins have different MHC molecules on their body cells E. MHC molecules work in opposition to HLA markers 66. Which of the following is true about immunity? A. T cells produce antibodies B. Another name for antibody is antibiotic C. Juvenile diabetes is an autoimmune disease D. Gamma globulin is one type of B lymphocyte E. Antibodies kill infected cells by lysing them. 67. For questions 67-71 choose from the choices below. Use each one once and only once. A. B cells B. Macrophages C. Helper T cells D. Cytotoxic T cells E. Natural killer cells 67. Act as antigen-presenting cells (APC) 68. Responsible for humoral immunity 69. 70. 71. 72. Bonds to class I MHC molecules Secrete cytokines to stimulate other lymphocytes Kills virus-infected cells by lysing them, not phagocytosing them Which is NOT a part of the lymphatic system? A. spleen B. tonsils C. lymph nodes 73. Which is NOT part of the nonspecific immune defense? A. histamine B. pyrogens C. neutrophils D. liver E. adenoids D. prostaglandins E. cytokines 74. The lacteal is found in the __________, and is involved with _______________. A. stomach; the release of hormones B. duodenum; the hydrolysis of lipids C. small intestine; the absorption of fatty acids D. colon; the reabsorption of water E. liver; production of hydrolytic enzymes 75. Which is correct about gas exchange in humans? A. The diaphragm rises and air is pulled into the lungs B. Air is forced down the windpipe when a person inhales C. The breathing rate is controlled by the hypothalamus in the brain D. Hemoglobin carries carbon dioxide and oxygen in fairly equal amounts E. As humans inhale, the pressure in the chest cavity decreases and air is drawn into the lungs. Short Answer (10 points each) 1. Do arteries carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood? Explain. Do arteries lead to or away from the heart? Draw a flow chart of blood flow through the heart. 2. Beginning at an axon at rest, describe the conduction of an impulse through a neuromuscular junction to the contraction of a skeletal muscle. 3. Regulation and homeostasis are critical to living things. a. Explain what a feedback mechanism is and how it helps an organism to maintain homeostasis. b. Explain the difference between positive feedback, and negative feedback and give examples. 4. Humans live in a sea of germs protected by three lines of defense. a. Describe the three lines of defense and how each protects us. b. Compare and contrast the role of T and B cells. 5. This was the 300-500 word question about “juggling apples”. If you would like to redo your answer over break because you know it wasn’t your best effort, you are more than welcome to hand it in with the rest of the test. This also went in the grade book as a 50 point HW assignment.