Download Biology Physiology Take Home Exam

Biology: Physiology Take Home Exam (200pts)
Instructions: This exam is to be taken at home on your own time. There is not a time
limit for the exam. You may only use you notes, book, and additional classroom material
when taking the test. Please DO NOT look the answers up online ((by reading through
the notes and text, you will learn a lot more (which is the goal) than if you search online))
You may not work with another student on the test. If you have questions while taking
the test, please email me at
[email protected].
Obviously, I cannot easily enforce this solitary guideline. It is, therefore, an honor code
that I am asking you to follow. The test is due in class Wednesday, April 28th.
Name________________________
Date_____________
Multiple Choice (2 pts each)
1. Pulmonary Circulation involves movement of blood between the heart and the
A. lungs
B. head
C. liver
D. kidneys
2. Which of the following is NOT a function of plasma
A. to carry substances that nourish cells
B. to aid in the formation of blood clots
C. to carry the majority of the oxygen supply of the blood
D. to defend against disease
3. A person with no antigens on the red blood cells has blood type
A. AB Rh+
C. A Rh+
B. O RhD. O Rh+
4. The wall that divides the heart vertically is the
A. ventricle
C. septum
B. pericardium
D. atrium
5. During systole, blood moves from the
A. ventricles to the atria
C. atria to the ventricles
B. atria to the veins
D. ventricles to the arteries
6. Vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called
A. veins
C. venules
B. capillaries
D. arteries
7. The smallest and most numerous blood vessels in the body are called
A. venules
B. veins
C. capillaries
D. arteries
8. A condition known as atherosclerosis results in
A. increased circulation to the heart
B. larger muscles
C. a narrowing of the inner walls of blood vessels
D. a widening of inner wall of blood vessels
9. The iron containing molecule in red blood cells is called
A. plasma
C. ferric oxide
B. hemoglobin
D. carbonic acid
10. An abnormality involving the platelets would probably affect the process of
A. breathing
B. locomotion
C. fighting bacterial infections
D. blood clotting
11. During swallowing, the air passage of the pharynx is covered by the
A. larynx
B. trachea
C. epiglottis
D. bronchi
12. The actual exchange of gases occurs at the site of the
A. trachea
C. nasal passageway
B. larynx
D. alveoli
13. Carbon Dioxide : lungs :
A. nitrogenous wastes : kidneys
C. nitrogenous wastes : lungs
B. nutrients : lungs
D. nutrients : kidneys
14. When the diaphragm and rib cage relax,
A. the chest cavity enlarges
C. inspiration occurs
B. expiration occurs
D. it is impossible to breathe
15. When the inflammatory response is triggered,
A. damaged or infected cells release chemical alarm signals
B. more fluid than normal leaks from capillaries near the injury, and swelling results
C. white blood cells attack invading pathogens
D. All of the above
16. The body’s first line of defense against infection includes all of the following except
A. skin
B. acids in the stomach
C. mucous membranes
D. interleukin – 1
17. Phagocytes, such as macrophages,
A. produce strong antibodies
C. secrete interferon
18. Antibodies
A. prevent diseases caused by vaccines
B. are produced by bacteria that infect animals
C. help destroy microbes that invade the body
D. cause viruses to infect bacterial cells
19. The role of T-helper cells in immune response is to
A. secrete interleukin – 1
B. stimulate macrophages to initiate an “alarm signal”
C. initiate the activities of neutrophils
D. activate two different types of immune system cells
20. Which of the following pairs is incorrectly associated?
A. cytotoxic T cells – attack and kill infected cells
B. helper T cells – activate killer T cells and B cells
C. B cells – engulf cells that are infected with microbes
B. shut down immune response
D. ingest and destroy pathogens
D. macrophages – consume pathogens and infected cells
21. Vaccines are effective in preventing disease because they
A. interfere with the release of suppressor T cells
B. are antibodies directed against specific pathogens
C. contain specific B cells and T cells
D. trigger antibody formation
22. Autoimmune diseases occur when
A. cells release antihistamine
B. a person is infected with HIV
C. the body manufactures “anti-self” antibodies
D. a person receives a blood transfusion of the wrong type
23. A person infected with HIV may
A. develop the disease called AIDS
B. have viruses reproduction in helper T cells
C. be more susceptible to variety of pathogens
D. All of the above
24. Which of the following provides a passage for both food and air?
A. espophagus
C. trachea
B. pharynx
D. duodenum
25. The function of the digestive system is to
A. chemically break down food
C. mechanically break down food
B. absorb nutrient materials
D. All of the above
26. The wavelike contractions of muscle that move food through the digestive system are
A. peristalsis
B. mechanical digestion
C. voluntary contractions
D. involuntary digestion
27. Enzymes in saliva begin the chemical digestion of
A. fat
C. protein
B. carbohydrates
D. vitamins
28. Bile
A.
B.
C.
D.
emulsifies globules of fat into tiny droplets
is stored in the liver
is produced in the fall bladder
All of the above
29. The villi in the small intestine allow for an increase in the rate of
A. nutrient absorption
C. cellulose digestion
B. acid production
D. bile production
30. Because of their crucial function, kidneys receive large amounts of
A. CO2
B. Oxygen
C. food
D. blood
31. The filtrate removed from the blood by the kidneys might contain
A. salts, amino acids, glucose, and urea
B. ammonia, red blood cells, and minerals
C. fat, urea, and water
D. salts, urea, and plasma
32. Information is carried from the central nervous system to a muscle or gland by
A. sensory neurons
B. reticular neurons
C. afferent neurons
D. motor neurons
33. The peripheral nervous system
A. is not linked to the central nervous system
B. provides pathways to and from the central nervous system
C. consists of the cerebellum and spinal cord
D. is composed of only motor neurons
34. A reflex
A. may involve two or three neurons
C. is not under conscious control
B. is not learned
D. all of the above
35. The myelin sheath
A. transmits impulses from one neuron to another
B. insulates the synapses
C. nourishes the neurons
D. insulates the axons
36. Neurotransmitters are
A. electrical impulses
C. found only in neurons with myelin sheaths
B. released at synapses
D. produced by muscles
37. All endocrine glands secrete hormones
A. directly into the bloodstream
C. that affect target cells near the gland
B. that are lipid molecules
D. that go to the pituitary gland
38. Hormones are essential to maintaining homeostasis mainly because
A. they catalyze specific chemical reactions in brain cells
B. the body requires them for digesting food
C. they cause specific responses in specific targets
D. they act faster than nerve impulses
39. All of the following are steroid hormones except
A. progesterone
C. estrogen
B. epinephrine
D. testosterone\
40. Which of the following is an example of an amino acid-based hormone?
A. receptor protein
B. glycogen
C. estrogen
D. glucagons
41. The body’s normal metabolic rate is regulated by
A. thyroxine
C. epinephrine
B. estrogen
D. prolactin
42. The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
A. secretes releasing hormones that stimulate the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
B. produces and secretes certain steroid hormones
C. stores and releases hormones made in the hypothalamus
D. is responsible for producing and secreting seven peptide hormones
43. An increase in which hormone raises the blood sugar level?
A. glucagons
C. insulin
B. oxytocin
D. ADH
44. In a person with diabetes mellitus, even though blood glucose levels may be high,
A. glycogen is stored in large quantities
B. cells do not receive glucose
C. insulin levels still increase
D. None of the above
45. In humans, the largest amount of the carbon dioxide produced by body cells is carried to the lungs as
A. CO2 attached to hemoglobin in the red blood cells
B. attached to hemoglobin circulating in the plasma
C. the bicarbonate ion attached to hemoglobin
D. CO2 gas in solution in the plasma
E. the bicarbonate ion dissolved in the plasma
46. The main target of antidiuretic hormone is the
A. heart
B. liver
C. thyroid
D. kidney
E. spleen
47. Questions 48-53 refer to the list of hormones below. You may use each on once, more than once, or
not at all.
A. Glucagon
B. Adrenocorticopic hormone
C. Oxytocin
D. Thyroxin
E. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
48. Induces labor
49. Released by the posterior pituitary
50. Stimulates the adrenal gland
51. Controls metabolic rate
52. Produced in the pancreas
53. Causes blood sugar levels to rise
54. Which of the following is incorrectly paired?
A. nephridia – earthworm
B. flame cell – bird
C. Malpighian tubules – insect
D. nephron – ape
E. paramecium – contractile vacuole
55. Questions 55-58 refer to the parts of the kidney listed below.
A. Descending loop of Henle
B. Ascending loop of Henle
C. Bowman’s capsule
D. Collecting tube
E. Proximal and distal tubules
55.
56.
57.
58.
Where does filtration occur?
Identify where secretion occurs.
Identify the area that is impermeable to the diffusion of water.
Identify the target structure of ADH.
59. Which of the following sequences describes the passage of a nerve impulse through a simple reflex arc
in humans?
A. receptor  effector  interneuron  motor neuron  sensory neuron
B. receptor  sensory neuron  interneuron  effector  motor neuron
C. sensory neuron  effector  motor neuron  interneuron  receptor
D. receptor  sensory neuron  interneuron  motor neuron  effector
E. effector  receptor  sensory neuron  interneuron  motor neuron
60. Which would be associated with the parasympathetic system?
A. increase in blood sugar
B. increase breathing rate
C. increasing in adrenaline
D. increase in digestion
E. increase in epinephrine
61. The threshold potential of a particular membrane measures -70 mV at time zero. After 10 minutes, it
measures -90 mV. What is the best explanation for what has happened to the membrane.
A. It became polarized
B. The concentrations of Na+ and K+ became balanced
C. The membrane became hyperpolarized
D. The membrane became hypopolarized
E. The membrane is likely to pass an impulse at 90 mV
62. What is the basic unit of a skeletal fiber?
A. myosin
B. the sarcomere
C. myofibril
D. actin filaments
E. Z line
63. What neurotransmitter at the synapse of a neurotransmitter junction causes a muscle to contract?
A. GABA
D. norepinephrine
B. dopamine
E. acetylcholine
C. serotonin
64. Which of the following is directly responsible for humoral immunity?
A. cytotoxic T cells
B. macrophages
C. B cells
D. helper T cells
E. neutrophils
65. All of the following are true about MHC (major histocompatibility molecules) EXCEPT
A. there are two major classes
B. MHC molecules are found on virtually every normal cell in the body
C. class II MHC molecules are found on macrophages
D. everybody except identical twins have different MHC molecules on their body cells
E. MHC molecules work in opposition to HLA markers
66. Which of the following is true about immunity?
A. T cells produce antibodies
B. Another name for antibody is antibiotic
C. Juvenile diabetes is an autoimmune disease
D. Gamma globulin is one type of B lymphocyte
E. Antibodies kill infected cells by lysing them.
67. For questions 67-71 choose from the choices below. Use each one once and only once.
A. B cells
B. Macrophages
C. Helper T cells
D. Cytotoxic T cells
E. Natural killer cells
67. Act as antigen-presenting cells (APC)
68. Responsible for humoral immunity
69.
70.
71.
72.
Bonds to class I MHC molecules
Secrete cytokines to stimulate other lymphocytes
Kills virus-infected cells by lysing them, not phagocytosing them
Which is NOT a part of the lymphatic system?
A. spleen
B. tonsils
C. lymph nodes
73. Which is NOT part of the nonspecific immune defense?
A. histamine
B. pyrogens
C. neutrophils
D. liver
E. adenoids
D. prostaglandins
E. cytokines
74. The lacteal is found in the __________, and is involved with _______________.
A. stomach; the release of hormones
B. duodenum; the hydrolysis of lipids
C. small intestine; the absorption of fatty acids
D. colon; the reabsorption of water
E. liver; production of hydrolytic enzymes
75. Which is correct about gas exchange in humans?
A. The diaphragm rises and air is pulled into the lungs
B. Air is forced down the windpipe when a person inhales
C. The breathing rate is controlled by the hypothalamus in the brain
D. Hemoglobin carries carbon dioxide and oxygen in fairly equal amounts
E. As humans inhale, the pressure in the chest cavity decreases and air is drawn into the lungs.
Short Answer (10 points each)
1. Do arteries carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood? Explain. Do arteries lead to or away from the
heart? Draw a flow chart of blood flow through the heart.
2. Beginning at an axon at rest, describe the conduction of an impulse through a neuromuscular junction to
the contraction of a skeletal muscle.
3. Regulation and homeostasis are critical to living things.
a. Explain what a feedback mechanism is and how it helps an organism to maintain homeostasis.
b. Explain the difference between positive feedback, and negative feedback and give examples.
4. Humans live in a sea of germs protected by three lines of defense.
a. Describe the three lines of defense and how each protects us.
b. Compare and contrast the role of T and B cells.
5. This was the 300-500 word question about “juggling apples”. If you would like to redo your answer
over break because you know it wasn’t your best effort, you are more than welcome to hand it in with the
rest of the test. This also went in the grade book as a 50 point HW assignment.