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/ 32 KU /28 A N. Henry, F. Jemon, J. Kellar SBI3U Unit Test Animals: Structure and Function SBI3U Unit Test Name: _____________________________ / 60 Total Date: _________________________ PART A: Multiple Choice (10 K/U Marks) Read each of the following questions carefully and look closely at any associated diagrams. Circle the letter that represents the best response to each question. There is only one answer per question. 1. Examine the diagram below. What is the function of this structure? a) b) c) d) Performs peristalsis Absorbs nutrients in small intestine Releases amylase Releases bile 2. Enzymes are an important part of _______________ digestion. a) b) c) d) molecular chemical esophageal mechanical 3. Examine the diagram. Which of these organs produces bile for fat breakdown? a) b) c) d) liver pancreas small intestine gall bladder N. Henry, F. Jemon, J. Kellar SBI3U Unit Test 4. Where does gas exchange take place in the human body? a) b) c) d) In the lungs only In the lungs and body cells In the body cells only In the lungs and skin 5. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts causing: a) b) c) d) The volume of lungs to decrease The volume of lungs to increase Air to be forced out of the lungs Oxygen to diffuse across the membranes 6. An increase of carbon dioxide in the blood cell will stimulate which of the following to occur? a) b) c) d) Heart rate to decrease Breathing rate to double Both heart rate and breathing rate to increase Both heart and breathing rate to decrease 7. The site of exchange of materials between the circulatory system and the body cells is the: a) b) c) d) arteriole capillary venule vena cava 8. What structures that are common to veins are never found in arteries or capillaries? a) b) c) d) endothelium elastic fibres smooth muscle valves N. Henry, F. Jemon, J. Kellar SBI3U Unit Test 9. Human beings have a double circulatory system that includes pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation. Complete the following statement by choosing the correct pair of terms below. During systemic circulation, __________________ blood is carried away from the heart. During pulmonary circulation, ___________________blood is carried away from the heart. a. b. c. d. oxygenated; deoxygenated deoxygenated; deoxygenated oxygenated; oxygenated deoxygenated; oxygenated 10. Which condition would a stent be most likely used to treat? a) b) c) d) arteriosclerosis mitral valve prolapse hypertension arrhythmia N. Henry, F. Jemon, J. Kellar SBI3U Unit Test PART B: Short Answer Questions (22 K/U marks) 1. What is the primary function of the respiratory system? Use a simple labeled diagram to describe the structure of the human respiratory system. [3 K/U] All animal and plant cells need oxygen to survive. The cells use oxygen to to obtain energy from food.Respiratory system supply this oxygen to cells and remove the carbon dioxide from the cells. Air from the outside enters the respiratory system through the nose and mouth, then travels in to pharynx then to trachea, or wind pipe. The trachea is semirigid soft tissue wrapped around C- shaped bands of cartilage. The trachea branches in to bronchi. Each bronchus connects to a lung. Inside lungs ,bronchi branches repeteadly in to smaller bronchioles. The air ways end in cluster of tiny sacs called alveoli. N. Henry, F. Jemon, J. Kellar SBI3U Unit Test 2. What physical characteristics of alveoli make them ideal structures for gas exchange? Explain why. [3 K/U] The respiratory membrane that forms the alveoli is moist. This moisture is critical because oxygen cannot diffuse across the respiratory membrane unless it is dissolved in a liquid. The alveoli are perfectly adapted for gas exchange. The respiratory membrane is extremely thin, so that there is a little difference between the air in alveolus and the blood in the capillaries that surround the alveolus. Oxygen and carbondioxide can easily diffuse across the repiratory membrane. The net work of capillaries encapsulates the alveoli so that ther e is adequate supply of blood for the oxygen to diffuse in to and the carbondioxide to diffuse from. 3. The parts of the diagram below have been numbered. Complete the table, correctly identifying the parts specified and describing their function. [6 K/U] Number Name (1/2 mark each) Function (1 mark each) N. Henry, F. Jemon, J. Kellar SBI3U Unit Test 2 or 16 Pulmonary arter(ies) Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. 8 Right ventricle Thicker, muscular chamber of the heart that acts as a pump. Pumps blood to the lungs. Aorta The largest artery in the body. Carries oxygenated blood out of the heart, and then splits into smaller arteries to be delivered to body tissues. 18 A wall of muscle that separates the right heart pump from the left (also separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood) 10 Septum 4. You have been asked to speak to a grade 3 class about blood. In addition to showing them pictures, you have decided to make a model of blood for them to look at using Jello and plastic beads. Examine the list of materials below, paying attention to the numbers, colours and sizes of materials used. Complete the table to explain which component of blood each material represents and its role in the body. [6 K/U] Material used Yellow Jello 1 Tablespoon of red pony beads (5 mm in diameter) 50 clear seed beads (tiny!) 1 white pony bead (9 mm in Component of Blood this Represents (1/2 mark each) Plasma Role in the body (1 mark each) 90% water, but contains many proteins, enzymes, minerals. Main transport for waste and needs (except oxygen) Red blood cells/eryththrocytes Contain hemoglobin, allowing RBC to transport oxygen Platelets Blood clotting White blood cells Fighting infection, responding to N. Henry, F. Jemon, J. Kellar SBI3U Unit Test diameter) allergens, engulfing bacteria 5. Compare and contrast systole and diastole. You may complete this using a graphic organizer, if you choose. [4 KU] Systole Heart is contracting Ventricles contract, pushing blood into the arteries Increase in pressure pushes AV valves shut, causing the “lub” sound Systolic blood pressure is the first, higher number (eg. 120/80) Diastole Heart is relaxed When atria are relaxed they begin to fill with blood When ventricles relax, blood flows into them, causing semi-lunar valves to close, to prevent blood flowing back from arteries. Closing of these valves causes the “dub” sound. Diastolic blood pressure is the second, lower number (eg. 120/80) PART C: Application Questions (28 A marks) 1. Ms. Henry’s class has decided to fix themselves a delicious snack of soda crackers. a. Describe the trip the crackers would take through the digestive system. Include details about both physical and chemical digestion, enzymes and the digestive organs at work to break down the crackers. (1/2 mark per point) [ 3A] The digestion of a particular carbohydrate in the gastrointestinal tract depends upon the complexity of the carbohydrate molecular structure - the more complex it is, the harder the digestive system must work to break it down in order to absorb it into the bloodstream. N. Henry, F. Jemon, J. Kellar SBI3U Unit Test After chewing a saltine cracker you will begin to taste sweetness. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth. That is an indication that the salivary amylase in saliva is breaking down the carbohydrates into simple sugars. As food does not remain long in the mouth, only a little starch is digested by salivary amylase to maltose. No digestion of carbohydrates occurs in the stomach; only proteins are digested in the stomach, however, enzyme activity continues in the stomach, but slows down significantly as digestive acids are released into the stomach by the glands. In the small intestine, another version of amylase is secreted by the pancreas into the duodenum (first section of small intestine). This cuts down carbohydrates into simple sugars - maltose, lactose and sucrose. As the carbohydrate passes further into the intestine, the enzymes maltase, lactase and sucrase chop maltose, lactose and sucrose into smaller bits, more easily absorbed which are eventually converted to glucose and absorbed through the intestinal walls into the bloodstream. After carbohydrates are duly broken down into glucose, in the duodenum and jejunum of the small intestine, the glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream and taken to the liver, where it is stored or distributed to cells throughout the body for energy. b. A few students in the class have decided to top their crackers with salami. What would their bodies do differently to digest the salami? [3 A] The stomach will break down protein in the salami. Two of the substances secreted by the stomach, HCl (hydrochloric acid) and pepsinogen, interact to create pepsin, an enzyme that plays a very important role in protein digestion. Hydrochloric acid is used for breaking the bonds between the proteins. Next, the proteins are disintegrated into amino acids. Trypsin and chymotrypsin are pancreatic protease enzymes secreted by the pancreas that are involved in protein and fat digestion. From the stomach, protein digestion carries on in the duodenum, which represents the first segment of the small intestine. Here the disintegration of proteins into amino acids continues. Amino acids have very small dimensions; they are able to penetrate the intestinal lining. From this point on, they enter the bloodstream N. Henry, F. Jemon, J. Kellar SBI3U Unit Test 2. Examine the graph below, and then answer the questions that follow. Relative concentration in blood Blood Glucose and Insulin Levels after a Carbohydrate Meal Carbohydrate meal a) Describe what is happening in the graph and why. blood glucose blood insulin Time [1 A] Blood glucose levels will rise steadily over time after you eat (can be shorter for some people); at that point it will level out and remain the same for a short time. After about three hours from when you last ate, it will begin to dip again. b) Suggest a reason why blood insulin levels peak after blood glucose levels do, rather than at exactly the same time. [2 A] Your blood sugar normally fluctuates within certain safe limits depending on the type of food you eat, how often you eat, your activity levels and certain other health and lifestyle-related factors. If you are diabetic, you can expect your blood sugar level to peak a bit later, about an hour after you start eating, and to take longer to return to a fasting level. N. Henry, F. Jemon, J. Kellar SBI3U Unit Test c) How might this explain why people sometimes experience a sugar craving a few hours after a sizeable carbohydrate- rich meal? [3 A] Carbohydrates are a type of macronutrient found in foods and drinks. Carbohydrates affect blood sugar and, as such, can affect cravings for more carbohydrates and sugar. The body treats sugar in the same way that it treats any carbohydrate: insulin, glucagon and epinephrine begin their work. It is insulin that is responsible for regulating the level of sugar in the blood. Sugar has a high glycemic index rating, meaning that it has a strong impact on the level of sugar in your blood after consumption. Sugar is broken down into simple sugars, the same as other carbohydrates are, and then transported by insulin into the bloodstream. Insulin controls the metabolism of carbohydrates and fat in the body. Highglycemic carbohydrates cause a large amount of sugar to release quickly into your body. Insulin responds to this drastic increase in sugar, neutralizing it. Insulin does this by stimulating the transfer of glucose to your cells so that your organs can metabolize the new-found energy. This rise and drop in blood sugar sometimes referred to as "crashing," leaves you feeling tired and depleted. This can stimulate hunger, particularly for more carbohydrates and sugars. 3. Diseases such as pancreatic cancer and Human Immunodefiency Virus (HIV) can interfere with the healthy functioning of the pancreas. What would happen to the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats when the pancreas is dysfunctional? [3 A] If the pancreas becomes dysfunctional, these pancreatic and enzymes would be missing in the duodemum. Inadequate digestion would take place. Your sugars, starches, fats, and proteins would be incompletely digested, because of the missing enzymes. Diarrhoea occurs in just under half of patients. Normally, all the fat in food is broken down by enzymes from the pancreas and small intestine, and the fat is then absorbed in the small bowel. With a reduced level of digestive enzymes the fat is not absorbed. When the fat reaches the large intestine, it is partially broken down by the bacteria in the colon. This produces substances which irritate the colon and result in diarrhoea. The undigested fat also traps water in the faeces, resulting in pale, bulky, greasy stools which are difficult to flush away. They may make the water in the toilet look oily, smell offensive and may be associated with bad wind. When the pancreas is dysfunctional then digestive enzymes are not provided for digestion. This condition imbalances the liver, gall bladder, spleen and all digestive related organs. Glucose and fats remain in the blood stream, where with time; the primary body's digestive organs become impaired and eventually diseased. N. Henry, F. Jemon, J. Kellar SBI3U Unit Test 4. Cystic fibrosis is a disease which affects the respiratory system. In the 1960’s, most Cystic Fibrosis patients did not live to attend elementary school. Today many are living into their 40’s. What accounts for this improvement? [4 A] CF is an inherited disease , genetic testing can identify affected individuals .In some provinces, including Ontario, all newborns are checked at birth for CF, about 60% of diagnose are made in the first year. The disease gets progressively worse with age, so it is beneficial to begin treatment as early as possible. At present there is no cure, but major advances have been made in medical knowledge and the development of new treatments. These advances have significantly improved both quality of life and life expectancy of individuals with CF. Research continues in the area of gene therapy, holds some promise for cure. This area of research focuses on replacing the defective gene so that cells in the respiratory system will produce normal mucus. 5. Athletes who have trained at high altitude often perform better than those who complete the same level of training at sea level. Training at high altitude causes their body to produce more red blood cells, giving them a competitive advantage. a) Why does the body produce more red blood cells at high altitudes? [1 A] High altitude oxygen is less,the kidney increases the secretion of erythropoietin(EPO) a hormone stimulates the production of blood cells b) What advantage does having more red blood cells in their blood stream give them? [2A] Increases in the number of blood cells increase the amount of oxygen that can absorb from air and delivered to the body cells .Training at high altitude can increase the RBC count from 5 000 000/ml-7 000 000/ml. Since lifespan of RBC is 90-120 days, additional RBC remains active for several weeks, giving an extra reservoir of oxygen. N. Henry, F. Jemon, J. Kellar SBI3U Unit Test c) What risk is involved in increasing the number of red blood cells in their blood stream? [1A] A higher number of RBC’s means the blood is thicker. It is more difficult for the heart to pump it, putting more stress on the heart. There is a higher risk of blood clotting, leading to stroke, heart attacks, etc. 6. Your body is holding an election. Each cell will vote on the body system that they feel is the most important to the body, and the winner will receive a trophy. a) Pretend that you are the campaign manager for one body system. Briefly describe why this system should win the contest. [2A] - Identification of system - 2 reasonable answers why it should win (1 mark per reason) b) If two systems were permitted to get together and run a joint campaign, which two systems would form the strongest team? Describe why they should win. [3A] - Choice of 2 related systems (NOT digestive and respiratory, unless justified) (1 mark) - 2 reasonable answers, demonstrating their understanding of how the two systems work together (2 marks)