Download Animals: Structure and Function - Kellar

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/28 A
N. Henry, F. Jemon, J. Kellar
SBI3U Unit Test
Animals: Structure and Function
SBI3U Unit Test
Name: _____________________________
/ 60 Total
Date: _________________________
PART A: Multiple Choice (10 K/U Marks)
Read each of the following questions carefully and look closely at any associated diagrams. Circle the
letter that represents the best response to each question. There is only one answer per question.
1. Examine the diagram below. What is the function of this structure?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Performs peristalsis
Absorbs nutrients in small intestine
Releases amylase
Releases bile
2. Enzymes are an important part of _______________ digestion.
a)
b)
c)
d)
molecular
chemical
esophageal
mechanical
3. Examine the diagram. Which of these organs produces bile for fat breakdown?
a)
b)
c)
d)
liver
pancreas
small intestine
gall bladder
N. Henry, F. Jemon, J. Kellar
SBI3U Unit Test
4. Where does gas exchange take place in the human body?
a)
b)
c)
d)
In the lungs only
In the lungs and body cells
In the body cells only
In the lungs and skin
5. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts causing:
a)
b)
c)
d)
The volume of lungs to decrease
The volume of lungs to increase
Air to be forced out of the lungs
Oxygen to diffuse across the membranes
6. An increase of carbon dioxide in the blood cell will stimulate which of the following to occur?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Heart rate to decrease
Breathing rate to double
Both heart rate and breathing rate to increase
Both heart and breathing rate to decrease
7. The site of exchange of materials between the circulatory system and the body cells is the:
a)
b)
c)
d)
arteriole
capillary
venule
vena cava
8. What structures that are common to veins are never found in arteries or capillaries?
a)
b)
c)
d)
endothelium
elastic fibres
smooth muscle
valves
N. Henry, F. Jemon, J. Kellar
SBI3U Unit Test
9. Human beings have a double circulatory system that includes pulmonary circulation and
systemic circulation. Complete the following statement by choosing the correct pair of terms
below. During systemic circulation, __________________ blood is carried away from the
heart. During pulmonary circulation, ___________________blood is carried away from the
heart.
a.
b.
c.
d.
oxygenated; deoxygenated
deoxygenated; deoxygenated
oxygenated; oxygenated
deoxygenated; oxygenated
10. Which condition would a stent be most likely used to treat?
a)
b)
c)
d)
arteriosclerosis
mitral valve prolapse
hypertension
arrhythmia
N. Henry, F. Jemon, J. Kellar
SBI3U Unit Test
PART B: Short Answer Questions (22 K/U marks)
1. What is the primary function of the respiratory system? Use a simple labeled diagram to describe
the structure of the human respiratory system.
[3 K/U]
All animal and plant cells need oxygen to survive. The cells use oxygen to to obtain energy from
food.Respiratory system supply this oxygen to cells and remove the carbon dioxide from the cells.
Air from the outside enters the respiratory system through the nose and mouth, then travels in to
pharynx then to trachea, or wind pipe. The trachea is semirigid soft tissue wrapped around C- shaped
bands of cartilage. The trachea branches in to bronchi. Each bronchus connects to a lung. Inside
lungs ,bronchi branches repeteadly in to smaller bronchioles. The air ways end in cluster of tiny sacs
called alveoli.
N. Henry, F. Jemon, J. Kellar
SBI3U Unit Test
2. What physical characteristics of alveoli make them ideal structures for gas exchange? Explain why.
[3 K/U]
The respiratory membrane that forms the alveoli is moist. This moisture is critical because oxygen
cannot diffuse across the respiratory membrane unless it is dissolved in a liquid. The alveoli are
perfectly adapted for gas exchange. The respiratory membrane is extremely thin, so that there is a little
difference between the air in alveolus and the blood in the capillaries that surround the alveolus.
Oxygen and carbondioxide can easily diffuse across the repiratory membrane. The net work of
capillaries encapsulates the alveoli so that ther e is adequate supply of blood for the oxygen to diffuse
in to and the carbondioxide to diffuse from.
3. The parts of the diagram below have been numbered. Complete the table, correctly identifying the
parts specified and describing their function.
[6 K/U]
Number
Name
(1/2 mark each)
Function
(1 mark each)
N. Henry, F. Jemon, J. Kellar
SBI3U Unit Test
2 or 16
Pulmonary arter(ies)
Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the
lungs.
8
Right ventricle
Thicker, muscular chamber of the heart that acts as
a pump. Pumps blood to the lungs.
Aorta
The largest artery in the body. Carries oxygenated
blood out of the heart, and then splits into smaller
arteries to be delivered to body tissues.
18
A wall of muscle that separates the right heart
pump from the left (also separates oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood)
10
Septum
4. You have been asked to speak to a grade 3 class about blood. In addition to
showing them pictures, you have decided to make a model of blood for them to
look at using Jello and plastic beads.
Examine the list of materials below, paying attention to the numbers, colours and
sizes of materials used. Complete the table to explain which component of blood
each material represents and its role in the body.
[6
K/U]
Material used
Yellow Jello
1 Tablespoon of
red pony beads
(5 mm in
diameter)
50 clear seed
beads
(tiny!)
1 white pony bead
(9 mm in
Component of Blood
this Represents
(1/2 mark each)
Plasma
Role in the body
(1 mark each)
90% water, but contains many
proteins, enzymes, minerals. Main
transport for waste and needs
(except oxygen)
Red blood cells/eryththrocytes
Contain hemoglobin, allowing
RBC to transport oxygen
Platelets
Blood clotting
White blood cells
Fighting infection, responding to
N. Henry, F. Jemon, J. Kellar
SBI3U Unit Test
diameter)
allergens, engulfing bacteria
5. Compare and contrast systole and diastole. You may complete this using a graphic organizer, if
you choose.
[4 KU]




Systole
Heart is contracting
Ventricles contract, pushing blood into the
arteries
Increase in pressure pushes AV valves
shut, causing the “lub” sound
Systolic blood pressure is the first, higher
number (eg. 120/80)




Diastole
Heart is relaxed
When atria are relaxed they begin to fill
with blood
When ventricles relax, blood flows into
them, causing semi-lunar valves to close,
to prevent blood flowing back from
arteries. Closing of these valves causes the
“dub” sound.
Diastolic blood pressure is the second,
lower number (eg. 120/80)
PART C: Application Questions (28 A marks)
1. Ms. Henry’s class has decided to fix themselves a delicious snack of soda crackers.
a. Describe the trip the crackers would take through the digestive system.
Include details about both physical and chemical digestion, enzymes and the digestive
organs at work to break down the crackers. (1/2 mark per point)
[ 3A]
The digestion of a particular carbohydrate in the gastrointestinal tract depends upon the complexity of
the carbohydrate molecular structure - the more complex it is, the harder the digestive system must
work to break it down in order to absorb it into the bloodstream.
N. Henry, F. Jemon, J. Kellar
SBI3U Unit Test
After chewing a saltine cracker you will begin to taste sweetness. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the
mouth. That is an indication that the salivary amylase in saliva is breaking down the carbohydrates into
simple sugars. As food does not remain long in the mouth, only a little starch is digested by salivary
amylase to maltose. No digestion of carbohydrates occurs in the stomach; only proteins are digested in
the stomach, however, enzyme activity continues in the stomach, but slows down significantly as
digestive acids are released into the stomach by the glands. In the small intestine, another version of
amylase is secreted by the pancreas into the duodenum (first section of small intestine). This cuts down
carbohydrates into simple sugars - maltose, lactose and sucrose. As the carbohydrate passes further
into the intestine, the enzymes maltase, lactase and sucrase chop maltose, lactose and sucrose into
smaller bits, more easily absorbed which are eventually converted to glucose and absorbed through the
intestinal walls into the bloodstream. After carbohydrates are duly broken down into glucose, in the
duodenum and jejunum of the small intestine, the glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream and taken
to the liver, where it is stored or distributed to cells throughout the body for energy.
b. A few students in the class have decided to top their crackers with salami. What would their
bodies do differently to digest the salami?
[3 A]
The stomach will break down protein in the salami. Two of the substances secreted by the stomach,
HCl (hydrochloric acid) and pepsinogen, interact to create pepsin, an enzyme that plays a very
important role in protein digestion. Hydrochloric acid is used for breaking the bonds between the
proteins. Next, the proteins are disintegrated into amino acids. Trypsin and chymotrypsin are
pancreatic protease enzymes secreted by the pancreas that are involved in protein and fat digestion.
From the stomach, protein digestion carries on in the duodenum, which represents the first segment of
the small intestine. Here the disintegration of proteins into amino acids continues. Amino acids have
very small dimensions; they are able to penetrate the intestinal lining. From this point on, they enter
the bloodstream
N. Henry, F. Jemon, J. Kellar
SBI3U Unit Test
2. Examine the graph below, and then answer the questions that follow.
Relative concentration in blood
Blood Glucose and Insulin Levels after a Carbohydrate Meal
Carbohydrate meal
a)
Describe what is happening in the graph and why.
blood glucose
blood insulin
Time
[1 A]
Blood glucose levels will rise steadily over time after you eat (can be shorter for some people); at that
point it will level out and remain the same for a short time. After about three hours from when you
last ate, it will begin to dip again.
b) Suggest a reason why blood insulin levels peak after blood glucose levels do, rather
than at exactly the same time.
[2 A]
Your blood sugar normally fluctuates within certain safe limits depending on the type of food
you eat, how often you eat, your activity levels and certain other health and lifestyle-related
factors. If you are diabetic, you can expect your blood sugar level to peak a bit later, about an
hour after you start eating, and to take longer to return to a fasting level.
N. Henry, F. Jemon, J. Kellar
SBI3U Unit Test
c)
How might this explain why people sometimes experience a sugar craving a few hours
after a sizeable carbohydrate- rich meal?
[3 A]
Carbohydrates are a type of macronutrient found in foods and drinks. Carbohydrates affect blood sugar
and, as such, can affect cravings for more carbohydrates and sugar. The body treats sugar in the same
way that it treats any carbohydrate: insulin, glucagon and epinephrine begin their work. It is insulin
that is responsible for regulating the level of sugar in the blood. Sugar has a high glycemic index
rating, meaning that it has a strong impact on the level of sugar in your blood after consumption. Sugar
is broken down into simple sugars, the same as other carbohydrates are, and then transported by insulin
into the bloodstream. Insulin controls the metabolism of carbohydrates and fat in the body. Highglycemic carbohydrates cause a large amount of sugar to release quickly into your body. Insulin
responds to this drastic increase in sugar, neutralizing it. Insulin does this by stimulating the transfer of
glucose to your cells so that your organs can metabolize the new-found energy. This rise and drop in
blood sugar sometimes referred to as "crashing," leaves you feeling tired and depleted. This can
stimulate hunger, particularly for more carbohydrates and sugars.
3. Diseases such as pancreatic cancer and Human Immunodefiency Virus (HIV) can interfere with the
healthy functioning of the pancreas. What would happen to the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins
and fats when the pancreas is dysfunctional?
[3 A]
If the pancreas becomes dysfunctional, these pancreatic and enzymes would be missing in the
duodemum. Inadequate digestion would take place. Your sugars, starches, fats, and proteins would be
incompletely digested, because of the missing enzymes. Diarrhoea occurs in just under half of patients.
Normally, all the fat in food is broken down by enzymes from the pancreas and small intestine, and the
fat is then absorbed in the small bowel. With a reduced level of digestive enzymes the fat is not
absorbed. When the fat reaches the large intestine, it is partially broken down by the bacteria in the
colon. This produces substances which irritate the colon and result in diarrhoea. The undigested fat
also traps water in the faeces, resulting in pale, bulky, greasy stools which are difficult to flush away.
They may make the water in the toilet look oily, smell offensive and may be associated with bad wind.
When the pancreas is dysfunctional then digestive enzymes are not provided for digestion. This
condition imbalances the liver, gall bladder, spleen and all digestive related organs. Glucose and fats
remain in the blood stream, where with time; the primary body's digestive organs become impaired and
eventually diseased.
N. Henry, F. Jemon, J. Kellar
SBI3U Unit Test
4. Cystic fibrosis is a disease which affects the respiratory system. In the 1960’s, most Cystic Fibrosis
patients did not live to attend elementary school. Today many are living into their 40’s. What
accounts for this improvement?
[4 A]
CF is an inherited disease , genetic testing can identify affected individuals .In some provinces,
including Ontario, all newborns are checked at birth for CF, about 60% of diagnose are made in
the first year. The disease gets progressively worse with age, so it is beneficial to begin treatment
as early as possible. At present there is no cure, but major advances have been made in medical
knowledge and the development of new treatments. These advances have significantly improved
both quality of life and life expectancy of individuals with CF. Research continues in the area of
gene therapy, holds some promise for cure. This area of research focuses on replacing the defective
gene so that cells in the respiratory system will produce normal mucus.
5. Athletes who have trained at high altitude often perform better than those who complete the same
level of training at sea level. Training at high altitude causes their body to produce more red blood
cells, giving them a competitive advantage.
a) Why does the body produce more red blood cells at high altitudes?
[1 A]
High altitude oxygen is less,the kidney increases the secretion of erythropoietin(EPO) a hormone
stimulates the production of blood cells
b) What advantage does having more red blood cells in their blood stream give them?
[2A]
Increases in the number of blood cells increase the amount of oxygen that can absorb from air and
delivered to the body cells .Training at high altitude can increase the RBC count from 5 000
000/ml-7 000 000/ml. Since lifespan of RBC is 90-120 days, additional RBC remains active for
several weeks, giving an extra reservoir of oxygen.
N. Henry, F. Jemon, J. Kellar
SBI3U Unit Test
c) What risk is involved in increasing the number of red blood cells in their blood stream?
[1A]
A higher number of RBC’s means the blood is thicker. It is more difficult for the heart to pump
it, putting more stress on the heart. There is a higher risk of blood clotting, leading to stroke,
heart attacks, etc.
6. Your body is holding an election. Each cell will vote on the body system that they feel is the most
important to the body, and the winner will receive a trophy.
a) Pretend that you are the campaign manager for one body system. Briefly describe why this
system should win the contest.
[2A]
- Identification of system
- 2 reasonable answers why it should win (1 mark per reason)
b) If two systems were permitted to get together and run a joint campaign, which two systems
would form the strongest team? Describe why they should win.
[3A]
- Choice of 2 related systems (NOT digestive and respiratory, unless justified) (1 mark)
- 2 reasonable answers, demonstrating their understanding of how the two systems work
together (2 marks)