Download Ch. 10 Earth Science Study Guide The youngest rocks on the ocean

Ch. 10 Earth Science Study Guide
The youngest rocks on the ocean floor are located ____.
a.
near continents
c
.
b.
at mid-ocean
ridges
d
.
The crust and upper mantle make up Earth's ____.
a.
lithosphere
b.
asthenosphere
far from mid-ocean
ridges
near Asia
c
.
core
d
.
continents
Scientists have observed that the plates move at rates ranging from 1 cm to 12 cm per ____.
a.
century
c
day
.
b.
decade
d
.
Plates of the lithosphere float on the ____.
a.
crust
b.
asthenosphere
year
c
.
core
d
.
atmosphere
The presence of the same ____ on several continents supports the hypothesis of continental drift.
a.
fossils
c.
neither a nor b
b.
rocks
d.
both a and b
The hypothesis that continents have slowly moved to their current locations is called ____.
a.
continental drift
c
magnetic reversal
.
b.
continental slope
d
.
convection
A lack of explanation for continental drift prevented many scientists from accepting that a single
supercontinent called ____ once existed.
a.
Glomar
c
Pangaea
.
b.
Glossopteris
d
.
Wegener
The Glomar Challenger provided support for the theory of plate tectonics by providing ____.
a.
high-altitude photos of existing continents
b.
samples of plant life from mid-ocean ridges
c.
samples of older rock found far from mid-ocean ridges
d.
direct measurements of the movement of continents
Plates slide past one another at ____.
a.
subduction zones
b.
transform
boundaries
c
.
convection currents
d
.
divergent boundaries
The boundary between two plates moving together is called a ____.
a.
divergent boundary
c transform boundary
.
b.
convergent boundary
d lithosphere
.
Seafloor spreading occurs because ____.
a.
new material is being added to the asthenosphere
b.
earthquakes break apart the ocean floor
c.
sediments accumulate at the area of spreading
d.
molten material beneath Earth's crust rises to the surface
Bands of rock on the seafloor showing alternating magnetic orientation indicate Earth's magnetic field has
____.
a.
reversed itself in
c become stronger
the past
.
b.
weakened
d
.
____ currents inside Earth might drive plate motion.
a.
Vertical
c
.
b.
Convection
d
.
remained the same
Horizontal
none of the above
Scientists believe that differences in ____ cause hot, plasticlike rock in the asthenosphere to rise toward
Earth's surface.
a.
density
c
weight
.
b.
magnetism
d
.
composition
In order to complete a convection current, the rising material must eventually ____ Earth.
a.
stop inside
c
sink back into
.
b.
cool
A ____ forms where two oceanic plates collide.
a.
hot spot
b.
subduction zone
d
.
warm
c
.
transform boundary
d
.
rift valley
Figure 10-1
According to Figure 10-1, what type of plate boundary occurs between the North American Plate and the
Eurasian Plate?
a.
transform boundary
b.
divergent boundary
c.
convergent oceanic-continental plate
boundary
d.
convergent oceanic-oceanic plate
boundary
According to Figure 10-1 above, what type of plate boundary occurs between the Nazca Plate (the plate
directly to the left of South American Plate) and the South American Plate?
a.
convergent oceanic-continental plate boundary
b.
convergent oceanic-oceanic plate boundary
c.
convergent continental-continental plate boundary
d.
transform boundary
Scientists believe that forces in the Earth’s mantle move Earth’s crustal plates. What do the arrows represent
in the diagram?
a.
ocean currents
c convection currents
.
b.
gravity
d wind patters
.
In which area is the oldest crust likely to be found?
a.
1
c.
3
b.
2
d.
4
What geologic event most likely caused the folding and faulting of these rock layers?
a.
glacial advance
c seafloor spreading
.
b.
magnetic reversal
d tectonic plate movement
.
The cross-section below shows a serried of rock layers that have been found in all of these landmasses: South
America, Africa, India, Australia and Antarctica.
Alfred Wegener’s analysis of the similarities of these layers led to the conclusion that
a.
continental plates
c The five land masses were once joined
float on top of
. together in a single landmass
molten mantle
b.
in undisturbed rock
layers, the oldest
fossils will be on the
bottom
d Magnetic reversals are preserved in
. rocks formed at mid-ocean ridges
Scientists have hypothesized for years that Earth’s continents once formed a single landmass that
broke apart and became the continents as we know them today. The model below shows that
landmasses (Gondwanaland) as they started to break apart to form South America, Africa,
Antarctica, India and Australia. What evidence best supports the model above?
a.
Igneous rocks have
been found on all
of the continents
c Australia has marsupial species that are
. not found on other continents
b.
Similar fossils have
been found in parts
of Africa and South
America
d Indicators of sea level changes have
. been recorded on all the continents
An Earth science teacher places four pieces of carpet padding, representing sedimentary rock
layers, between two large book ends, as shown in the above diagram. She then pushes the book
ends toward each other. What geologic process has the teacher demonstrated?
a.
folding
c
convection
.
b.
faulting
d
.
divergence
Which statement is
correct about the
relationship between
lithosphere and the
the
asthenosphere?
a.
the plastic-like layer
called the
asthenosphere floats
and moves on top
the lithosphere
b.
c The lithosphere and the asthenosphere
. move on top of the Earth together and
are located side by side on the same
layer of the Earth
The rigid plates of
the lithosphere float
and move around on
top of the
asthenosphere
d There is no relationship between the
. lithosphere and the asthenosphere
since these layers make no contact
with each other
An oceanographer (a person who studies the ocean floor) is traveling from the west toward the east on the
Atlantic Ocean. She collects rock samples from the seafloor every 5 kilometers. The
oceanographer stops when she determines that the rock samples are getting increasingly younger
as she moves toward the east. What conclusion is best supported by this data?
a.
She is
c
She is traveling away
traveling
.
from an underwater
toward a
volcano
mid-ocean
ridge
b.
she is
traveling
toward a
deep-ocean
trench
d
.
She is traveling away
from a hot spot in the
crust
Short Answer
27. What is the difference between a convergent and a divergent plate boundary?
28. In what direction does warmer material move in a convection current?
29. The puzzle-like fit of South America and Africa helped to explain continental drift. Explain 2
other pieces evidence used to support the hypothesis of continental drift. Explain how each piece
of evidence supports the theory of continental drift. (4 points)