* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Outline made by: Caleb Richards Checked by: Roxy Godiwalla
Survey
Document related concepts
Neonatal infection wikipedia , lookup
Ulcerative colitis wikipedia , lookup
Sociality and disease transmission wikipedia , lookup
Urinary tract infection wikipedia , lookup
Gastroenteritis wikipedia , lookup
Infection control wikipedia , lookup
Multiple sclerosis research wikipedia , lookup
Sarcocystis wikipedia , lookup
Globalization and disease wikipedia , lookup
Tuberculosis wikipedia , lookup
Common cold wikipedia , lookup
Multiple sclerosis signs and symptoms wikipedia , lookup
Clostridium difficile infection wikipedia , lookup
Hospital-acquired infection wikipedia , lookup
Childhood immunizations in the United States wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Outline made by: Caleb Richards Checked by: Roxy Godiwalla NOTE: This outline was done pre-lecture due to time constraints. For the Anaerobic and Atypical bacteria that follow, describe disease associations/clinical manifestations and define aspects of epidemiology (mode of transmission, risk groups) and pathogenesis (sites of infection, mechanisms of disease production, host interaction and response). – Gram-positive bacillus include anaerobic clostridium and acid-fast mycobacterium – Chlamlydia and treponema (spirochete) have weak or no gram stain – Anaerobic Bacteria: o o Clostridium tetani • Motile, spore-forming, saphrophyte of soil/intestine • Transmission: direct contact w/ spores (open wounds/rust nails) • Tetanus symptoms • Early: severe painful spasms, rigidity of voluntary muscles, lockjaw. • Progressive: rigidity, violent spasms of trunk, limb muscles • Spasms of pharyngeal muscles difficulty swallowing • Respiratory spasms death • Pathogenesis: tetanospasmin binds to presynaptic membranes in motor neurons; toxin degrades synaptobrevin (needed to dock neurotransmitter vesicle on presynaptic membrane) continuous muscle contraction • Briefly mentioned: closridium difficile (spore-forming, endogenous infections, this is normal flora for 5% of population. Disease caused by overgrowth from antibiotic use. Causes pseudomembrane colitis. Clostridium botulinum • Motile, spore forming, saphrophite of soil/intestine – • Transmission: ingesting toxin-contaminated foods (often canned) or thru direct contact (spores in wound). Spores on food do not change color/taste/odor. • Foodborne botulism symptoms: weakness, nausea/vomiting, blurred vision, inability to swallow, difficulty speaking, musculoskeletal weakness, respiratory paralysis • Pathogenesis: botulinum toxin is absorbed from gut, binds to presynaptic receptors of motor neurons. Acetylcholine release is inhibited muscle contraction and paralysis Atypical Bacteria: o o Treponema pallidum • Gram-negative spirilla that can’t be grown in vitro • Transmission: STD, congenital (in utero) • Not much antigen on the bacteria surface limited immune host response initially • Outer membrane proteins have minimal expression, adhere to nearly all body tissues, bind Ig and complement as “disguise”, and are coated with fibrin so they can’t be phagocytosed. • Hyaluronidase • Syphilis symptoms: • Primary: painless, ulcerative lesion • Secondary: rash on trunk/hands/feet, flu-like illness • Tertiary: multiple organs get inflammatory lesions (aka gummas), arthritis, meningitis w/ hallucinations and psychosis) Chlamydia trachomatis • No gram stain • Uses host cell ATP energy parasite • Transmission: directed contact w/ contaminated secretions (STD) • EB, or elementary bodies, go into conjunctiva and urogenital tracts to infect epithelial cells w/ endocytosis • Endosome does not fuse with lysosome, but becomes inclusion body for transformation of the EBs into RB (reticulate body) • Trachoma symptoms: • Follicular conjunctivitis: repeat infections, inflammation of conjunctiva, person-person transmission • Leading cause of blindness in world • Corneal scarring • • Urogenital infection symptoms: • o Eyelid turns inward, eyelashes become abrasive to cornea (ouch!) corneal ulcerations Dysuria, thin urethral discharge, possible infertility Mycobacterium tuberculosis • Acid-fast (weak gram stain) • Cell wall resists antimicrobials and is protected from drying by lipids in cell wall • 3 species: • M. tuberculosis (causes tuberculosis): 1/3 world infected • M. leprae (causes leprosy) • M. intracellulare (causes pneumonia in immunosuppressed) • Transmission: contaminated respiratory droplets • Tuberculosis symptoms • • Primary TB (aka clinical TB): 90% asymptomatic; fever, night sweat, anorexia, weakness, productive bloody cough • Secondary TB: immunosuppression triggers reactivation, granulomas dissolve, clinical TB manifests Pathogenesis: intracellular persistence – evades lysosomal fusion with phagosome, catabolizes NO/ROS, activates macrophages to make IL-1, TNF, IL-12 (formulation of granuloma) with reactivation possible from contained bacteria.