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History of the Islamic World Chapter 7 Mr. Gahsman Social Studies 7 Origins of Islam (Section 1) • Life in a Desert Land – Arabian Peninsula (Arabia) in SW Asia – At the intersection of Africa, Europe and Asia – Physical features and Climate • Very hot and dry – Summer temperatures reach 100° daily • Bands of desert – Sand dunes can rise up to 800 feet • Limited amount of water – Mostly located at an oasis – Oasis = A wet, fertile area in a desert » Key stops along Arabia’s overland trade routes – Two Ways of Life • Nomads – Lived in tents – Raised herds of sheep, goats and camels » Provided milk, meat, wool and leather » Camels carried heavy loads – Traveled the desert in search of water and food – Divided into tribes • Arabs – – – – Lived a more settled life Made homes in oases Built towns on trade routes Sold spices, gold, leather and other goods • A New Religion – Muhammad Becomes a Prophet • • • • • Born to an important family Born in Mecca in A.D. 570 Married Khadijah at age 25 Concerned about how the poor were mistreated Would go to the hills to meditate – Received a message from an angel…”Recite, Recite!” – Told to spread the message of God (Allah) • The messages he received are the basis for the religion of Islam – Islam = Arabic for “to submit to God” – Muslims = People who follow the religion of Islam – Qur’an (Koran) = The holy book of Islam – Muhammad’s Teachings • Started to share his messages in A.D. 613 • Monotheistic (believed in only one God) • All people who believed in Allah were bound together like members of a family – Allah = Arabic word for “God” • People should help others who are less fortunate – Islam Spreads in Arabia • Muhammad began to attract followers • Mecca’s rulers plotted to have Muhammad killed • Muhammad moves to Medina in A.D. 622 (The Hegira) – Hegira = Muhammad’s journey from Mecca to Medina – A.D. 622 is the first year of the Muslim calendar • Muhammad becomes a spiritual and political leader • Muhammad’s house became the first mosque – Mosque = A building for Muslim prayer • Muhammad’s army fought against Mecca – Muhammad wins in A.D. 630 – Most people in Mecca accept Islam as their religion – Islam spreads to the rest of the Arabian Peninsula • Muhammad dies in A.D. 632 Islamic Beliefs and Practices (Section 2) • The Qur’an – Muhammad’s messages were originally memorized and not written down – After Muhammad’s death, the messages were collected and written down in a book called the Qur’an (sometimes spelled Koran) – The Qur’an is considered to be the exact word of God as it was told to Muhammad – Beliefs • There is only one God (Allah) and Muhammad is his prophet • People must obey Allah’s commands • The world has a definite beginning and will someday end – On the final day, God will judge all people – Those who obeyed God’s orders will be granted eternal life in paradise – People who did not obey God, will suffer – Guidelines for Behavior • Must wash before praying • Not allowed to eat pork or drink alcohol • Jihad = “to make an effort or to struggle” – Refers to the inner struggle people go through in their effort to obey God and behave according to Islamic ways • The Sunnah – Muslims also study the Hadith • Hadith = The written record of Muhammad’s words and actions • Hadith is the basis for the Sunnah – Sunnah = The way Muhammad lived, which provides a model for the duties and the way of life expected of Muslims – Guides Muslims’ behavior – The Five Pillars of Islam • Five acts of worship required of all Muslims • First Pillar = Statement of faith – At least once in their lives, Muslims must state their faith by saying “There is no god but God, and Muhammad is his prophet” » Said when they accept the religion of Islam » Often said during daily prayers • Second Pillar = Daily prayer – Must pray five times per day » Before sunrise, at midday, in late afternoon, right after sunset and before going to bed » Call goes out from a mosque » Muslims try to pray together when possible • Third Pillar = Yearly donation to charity – Must pay part of their wealth to a religious official – Donated money is used to help the poor, build mosques or pay debts • Fourth Pillar = Fasting – Fasting = Going without food or drink – Muslims fast during the month of Ramadan » Fast between dawn and sunset • Fifth Pillar = Pilgrimage to Mecca – Must travel to Mecca at least once in their lives if they can – Visit the Kaaba in Mecca » Kaaba = Islam’s most sacred place » Hajj = The religious pilgrimage to Mecca – The Sunnah and Daily Life • Sunnah has other examples of Muhammad’s actions and teachings – Treat guests with generosity – Stay out of debt when you can – Obey your leaders • Islamic Law – The Qur’an and Sunnah form the basis of Islamic Law called the Shariah • Shariah = Islamic Law – No distinction between religious beliefs and daily life – Sets rewards for good behavior and punishment for crimes – In modern times, many countries mix Shariah with other legal systems – Shariah is not found in one book • A set of opinions and writings that have changed over the centuries • Different Muslim regions have variations on Shariah Muslim Empires (Section 3) • Islam Splits – In the mid-600’s, Islam split into two major divisions • Shia • Sunni – Split was caused because of a disagreement over who should lead Islam after the death of Muhammad • Shia believe that only people descended from Muhammad could become Caliphs – Caliph = A title that Muslims use for the highest leader of Islam • Sunni believe that any good Muslim could become Caliph and did not have to be descended from Muhammad – Some Muslim empires (and countries) are mostly Shia and some are mostly Sunni. • Between 25 and 35% of Muslims are Shia • Countries with a Shia majority – Iran – Iraq – Azerbaijan • Countries with a Sunni majority – Saudi Arabia – Pakistan – Afghanistan Cultural Achievements (Section 4) • Science and Philosophy – Astronomy • Built observatories • Improved the understanding of time – Built more accurate clocks • Improved the astrolabe – Astrolabe = A device used to determine a person’s location on Earth – Geography • Traveled widely • Ibn Battutah – Traveled to Africa, India, China and Spain in the 1320’s • Drew more accurate maps – Philosophy • Studied classical writings from the ancient Greeks • Believed in the importance of reason • Developed Sufism – Sufism = A philosophy that taught people they could find God’s love by having a personal relationship with God – Math • Combined ancient Indian math concepts with ancient Greek to get the number system we use today – Including the concept of zero • Developed algebra – Medicine • Some of the greatest Muslim achievements • Combined Greek and Indian knowledge with new discoveries • Started the world’s first pharmacy school • Built hospitals to cure serious diseases like smallpox • Avicenna = Muslim doctor recorded Muslim medical knowledge in an encyclopedia – Used throughout Europe until the 1600’s – One of the most famous books in the history of medicine • Literature and the Arts – Literature • Poetry was very popular – Influenced by Sufism – Omar Khayyam = Famous Muslim poet » Wrote many famous works • Rubaiyat = Collection of his poetry • The Thousand and One Nights • Stories about legendary characters • Sinbad • Aladdin • Ali Baba and the 40 thieves – Visual Arts • Built beautiful mosques – Featured large domes and minarets » Minarets = Tall towers from where Muslims are called to prayer • Also built palaces, marketplaces and libraries • Most Muslim art does not show people or animals – Usually complex geometric patterns • Used a lot of calligraphy – Calligraphy = Decorative writing