Download Human Body Study Guide - Effingham County Schools

Human Body Study Guide- ANSWERS
My Child has completed this Study Guide and is prepared to take the Human Body Test on February 3rd.
________________________________________ Parent Signature.
Body Organization
1. Cells working together form __TISSUES_, ___TISSUES working together form Organs, and
_ORGANS_______ working together form organ systems.
2. 4 types of tissues:
a. __EPITHELIAL__Tissue- made up of tightly packed cells that cover and protect underlining
tissues
b. __CONNECTIVE____Tissue- joins, supports and nourishes organs. Ex: tendons, ligaments,
blood
c. __MUSCULAR_____Tissue - contracts and relaxes for movement
d. __NERVOUS_______Tissue - sends electrical signals throughout the body.
Integumentary System
4 major functions:
a. EXCRETES WASTES
b. SENSORY INPUT
c. PROTECTION FROM PATHOGENS AND UV RADIATION
d. REGULATES BODY TEMPERATURE
Major organs include the __SKIN______, ____HAIR____, and ______NAILS_____
Skeletal System
4 major functions:
a. PROTECTS VITAL ORGANS
b. WORKS WITH MUSCLES TO PROVIDE MOVMENT
c. PRODUCE BLOOD CELLS
d. STORES MINERALS
1. ___CARTILAGE____ is soft flexible tissue that most bones start of as, that will later turn to hard
bone.
2. Red blood cells are made in ___RED_____ __BONE______ __MARROW____ and
__YELLOW______ _____BONE______ ____MARROW___ stores fat inside of bones.
3. Name the three types of joints
BALL IN SOCKET
HINGE
GLIDING
Muscular System
1. The function of the muscular system is to PROVIDE MOVMENT FOR THE
BODY_______________________________________________________________________________
2. There are three types of muscles:
a. __SKELETAL__________________muscle is voluntary and enables bones to move.
b. __SMOOTH____________ muscle is involuntary and can move food through the digestive
tract.
c. ___CARDIAC___ muscle is only found in the heart.
3. ___TENDONS______________- attach muscle to bone and helps pull on the skeletal system to provide
movement.
4. Two muscles that contract and relax to provide movement in your arm are the BICEP and the __TRICEP.
Digestive System
1. Major Function: __BREAK DOWN FOOD INTO NUTRIENTS THE BODY CAN ABSORB
_____________________________________________________________________.
2. The two types of digestion are _MECHANICAL_________ and _CHEMICAL___________.
Label the organs of the digestive system.
Major organs and Functions:
Circulatory System
1__ESOPHAGUS____- tube that leads food into the stomach.
2_STOMACH________- Mixes, squeezes, and adds chemical
enzymes that turns digested food into chyme.
3__SM. Int.______________- Major site of chemical
digestion and absorbs nutrients into the blood.
4__Pancreas_______- neutralizes the acids in chyme.
5__Liver____- creates bile that breaks down fats.
6__Gall Bladder___- stores bile until needed.
7__Large Int.___- reabsorbs water out of chyme to make
solid feces.
8__Rectum___- stores feces until it can be eleiminated.
Circulatory System
1. Major Function: _PUMP BLOOD THROUGHOUT THE BODY______________.
2. Three major organs are __HEART___________, ___BLOOD VESSELS______, and _BLOOD_.
3. Blood vessels include :
_ARTERIES________- carries blood away from the heart.
__VEINS________- carries blood to the heart.
_CAPILLARIES_____- thin walled vessel where nutrients, oxygen, and waste products can diffuse in and
out of the blood.
4. The heart is made up of _CARDIAC__ muscle that never becomes fatigued or tired.
Respiratory System
Major function:TAKE IN OXYGEN AND EXPEL CARBON DIOXIDE_________________
PHARYNX
Name the organs and label them on the diagram to the righ
1. __PHARYNX_____- Intersection where pathway for food and air cross. (Throat)
2. LARYNX_________- Voice Box, allows us to make sounds using vocal cords
3. _TRACHEA__________-Windpipe
4. __BRONCHI_________- two tubes leading into each lung.
5. __BRONCHIOLES__- Smaller tubes leading from the bronchi that branch out
within each lung.
6. _ALVEOLI_________- small air sacs at the end of the bronchioles that are
surrounded by capillaries for gas exchange to and from the blood
LARYNX
TRACHEA
BRONCHI
ALVEOLI
BRONCHIOLES
The Nervous System
1. Major Function: _GATHER INFORMATION FROM THE ENVIRONMENT AND COORDINATE A
RESPONSE TO IT._________
2. The central nervous system is made up of your _BRAIN__________ which coordinates all body
functions, and the __SPINAL CORD__ which transmits messages from the brain to the rest of the body.
3. A nerve cell is also called a __NEURON____ and are cells that transmit messages throughout the nervous
system.
A neuron is made up of three parts:
_DENDRITE_- is the part of the neuron that receives
DENDRITE
signals.
_CELL BODY- is the functional portion of the neuron
CELL BODY
that contains the nucleus.
NUCLEUS
_AXON__- send electrical impulses away from the
AXON
cell’s body
Label these on the diagram
4. The brain is made up of three parts:
a. _CEREBRUM_- controls your thinking, memory, and movement. This is the largest part of the brain.
b. _CEREBELLUM___________- controls balance and posture, located under the cerebrum.
c. _BRAIN STEM__- controls many of your autonomic responses like your heart beat, blood pressure,
and breathing.
The Lymphatic System (IMMUNE SYSTEM)
Major Function: ___RETURN LEAKED FLUIDS BACK INTO THE BLOOD AND HELP GET RID OF
GERMS
Identify the major organs and label them on the diagram
TONSILS
1. _THYMUS_____- modifies T-cells
LYMPH NODES
1. __LYMPH____________- clear fluid “T-cell academy”.
2. _SPLEEN____- located behind the stomach, this
that bathes tissues.
organ produces white blood cells and removes dead
2. _WHITE_________ blood cells fight red blood cells.
off pathogens and are the soldiers
3. _TONSILS____- Located in the back of the
mouth. Trap pathogens.
4. __LYMPH__ _NODES__- remove
microorganisms, dead cells, and debri from lymph
fluid.
THYMUS
SPLEEN
Urinary System
Major Function: _FILTER HARMFUL WASTES FROM THE BLOOD______
1. _KIDNEYS_____– filter harmful
Label
poisons like urea from the blood through
nephrons
URETERS
2. BLADDER_____–stores urine
3. URETERS___– tubes that connect
kidneys to bladder
4. URETHRA__– tube thru which urine
BLADDER
exits the body
KIDNEYS
URETHRA
5. The urinary system excretes harmful wastes from the body blood in the body. Explain how these organ
systems also excrete wastes:
Respiratory System- _CARBON DIOXIDE_____________________________________
Integumentary System- _UREA, SALTS, EXCESS WATER___________________
Digestive System- __bile pigments, fats, chloresterol, bacteria, metabolic wastes___________
Endocrine System
1. Major Function: _CONTROLS LONG TERM PROCESSES SUCH AS GROWTH AND SEXUAL
DEVELOPMENT VIA CHEMICAL MESSENGERS CALLED HORMONES___________________
2. Chemical messengers are called __HORMONES___________________ and __GLANDS__________ are
the organs that secrete them.
Major Organs of the Endocrine System:
PITUITARY
-_PITUITARY GLAND_________- Controls all
GLAND
THYROID
the functions of the other
glands and stimulates growth. “The Master Gland”
-_THYROID____- regulates the body’s
THYMUS
ADRENAL
metabolism.
-__ADRENAL______-releases adrenaline and
prepares the body for a fight or flight response.
- _THYMUS____-produces white blood cells for
immune response.
PANCREAS
- _PANCREAS__- regulates blood sugar levels by
OVARIES IN WOMEN
creating a hormone called insulin.
TESTES IN MEN
- _OVARIES__- create eggs in woman and a
hormone called _ESTROGEN___
- _TESTES___- create sperm in males but also the
hormone __TESTOSTERONE_.