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Transcript
The Endocrine System – Chapter 9 Notes Second messenger system of the body Uses chemical messages (___________________) that are released into the ________________ Hormones control several major processes: _________________________ _____________________________________ _______________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _______________________________ Hormone Overview Hormones are produced by special cells Cells ______________ hormones into extracellular fluids Blood transfers hormones to target sites These hormones regulate the activity of other cells The Chemistry of Hormones ________________-Based Hormones Proteins, Peptides, and Amines _________________ - made from cholesterol ___________________ - made from highly active lipids Mechanisms of Hormone Action Hormones affect only certain tissues or organs (_______________ cells or organs) Target cells must have specific protein _____________________ Hormone binding influences the workings of the cells Effects caused by Hormones Typically, one or more of the following occurs: Changes in plasma membrane _____________________ or electrical state Synthesis of ___________________, such as enzymes Activation or inactivation of _______________________ Stimulation of _____________________ Steroid Hormone Action 1. ______________ through the plasma membrane of target cells 2. Enter the _____________ 3. Bind to a specific ____________ within the nucleus 4. Bind to specific sites on the cell’s ________ 5. Activate _________ that result in synthesis of new _________________ Non-Steroid Hormone Action 1. Hormone binds to a membrane _________________ 2. Hormone does _________ enter the cell 3. Sets off a series of reactions that activates an _____________ 4. Catalyzes a reaction that produces a ____________ _____________ molecule 5. Oversees additional intracellular changes to promote a specific response Control of Hormone Release Hormone levels in the blood are maintained by ______________ feedback A stimulus or low hormone levels in the blood triggers the release of more ________________ Hormone release ___________ once an appropriate level in the blood is reached Hormonal Stimuli of Endocrine Glands (Fig 9.2a) Endocrine glands are activated by other ________________ Humoral Stimuli of Endocrine Glands (Fig 9.2b) Changing ___________ levels of certain ions stimulate hormone release Neural Stimuli of Endocrine Glands (Fig 9.2c) __________ _____________ stimulate hormone release (most under control of sympathetic nervous system) Location of Major Endocrine Organs (Fig 9.3 & handout) Pituitary Gland Size of a grape Hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus Protected by the sphenoid bone Has two functional lobes: Anterior pituitary – glandular tissue Posterior pituitary – nervous tissue Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary (Fig 9.4) ______ anterior pituitary hormones Two affect non-endocrine targets Four stimulate other endocrine glands ( ___________ hormones) Characteristic of all anterior pituitary hormones Proteins (or peptides) Act through second messenger systems Regulated by hormonal stimuli; mostly negative feedback Growth Hormone (GH) General metabolic hormone Major effects are directed to growth of _______________ muscles and long ____________ Causes amino acids to be built into proteins Causes fats to be broken down for a source of energy Function of Other Anterior Pituitary Hormones _________________ (PRL) Stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth Function in males is not well understood _______________________ hormone (ACTH) Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex _________________________ hormone (TSH or TH) Influences growth and activity of the thyroid Gonadotrophic hormones: Regulate hormonal activity of gonads _________________________ hormone (FSH) Stimulates follicle development in ovaries Stimulates sperm development in testes ________________________ hormone (LH) Triggers ovulation Causes ruptured follicle to become the corpus luteum Stimulates testosterone production in men In men, referred to as interstitial cell-stimulated hormone (ICSH) Pituitary-Hypothalamus Relationship Release of hormones is controlled by releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the _________________ Hypothalamus produces two hormones that are transported to neurosecretory cells of the __________ pituitary The posterior pituitary is not strictly an endocrine gland, but does release hormones Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary (via Hypothalamus) __________________ Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor Causes milk ejection Under positive feedback control ______________________ hormone (ADH) Can inhibit urine production In large amounts, causes vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure (ADH sometimes called vasopressin) Thyroid Gland Found at the base of the ____________ Consists of two lobes and a connecting isthmus Produces two hormones: _____________ hormone Major metabolic hormone Composed of two active __________-containing hormones Thyroxine (T4) – secreted by thyroid follicles Triiodothyroxine (T3) – conversion of T4 at target tissues _______________ – enlargement of the thyroid gland due to iodine deficiency ____________’ disease – one form of hyperthyroidism; causes high basal metabolic rate, intolerance of heat, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, inability to relax, bulging eyes ________________ (Fig 9.9) _____________ blood ____________ levels by causing its deposition on bone Antagonistic to ___________________ hormone Produced by C (parafollicular) cells Parathyroid Glands Tiny masses on the posterior of thyroid Secrete parathyroid hormone Stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone Stimulate the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium ____________ _______________ levels in the blood Adrenal Glands Two glands: __________ – outer glandular region in three layers __________ – inner neural tissue region Sits on top of the ________________ Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex (Fig 9.10) Mineralocorticoids (mainly ______________________) Produced in outer adrenal cortex Regulate mineral content in blood; also water, and electrolyte balance Target organ is the ________________ Production stimulated by renin (enzyme in kidney) Aldosterone production inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide (hormone released by heart) Glucocorticoids (including _______________ and ____________________) Produced in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex Promote normal cell metabolism Help resist long-term stressors by increasing blood glucose levels Decrease edema and inhibit pain-causing prostaglandins Released in response to increased levels of ACTH ___________’s disease – excessive output of glucocorticoids results in characteristic “buffalo hump” Sex hormones Produced in the inner layer of the adrenal cortex Androgens (male) and some estrogen (female) Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla (Fig 9.12) Produce two similar hormones (catecholamines) to deal with short-term stress Epinepherine Norepinepherine Pancreatic Islets (Fig 9.14) The pancreas is a mixed gland The islets of the pancreas produce hormones ____________ – allows glucose to cross plasma membranes into cells from beta cells ____________ - allows glucose to enter the blood from alpha cells These hormones are antagonists that maintain ____________ __________ homeostasis Pineal Gland Found on the third ventricle of the brain Secretes ________________ Helps establish the body’s wake and sleep cycles May have other functions Thymus Gland Located posterior to the ________________ Largest in infants and children Produces __________________ Matures some types of white blood cells (T cells) Important in developing the immune system Hormones of the Ovaries _________________ Produced by _____________ follicles or the placenta Stimulates the development of secondary female characteristics Matures female reproductive organs Helps prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg Helps maintain _____________________ Prepares the breasts to produce milk ____________________ Produced by the ___________ ______________ Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus Hormones of the Testes _______________ cells of testes are hormone-producing Produce several androgens ____________________ is the most important androgen Responsible from adult male secondary sex characteristics Promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system Required for sperm cell production Other Hormone-Producing Tissues and Organs Parts of the __________ _________________ Parts of the ______________ Parts of the _________________ Parts of the ________________ Many other areas have scattered endocrine cells Endocrine Function of the Placenta Produces hormones that maintain __________________ Some hormones play a part in the __________________ of the baby Produces _________ in addition to estrogen, progesterone, and other hormones Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine System Most endocrine organs operate smoothly until old age ______________ is brought about by lack of efficiency of the ovaries Problems associated with reduced estrogen are common Growth hormone production declines with age