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National 4 Concepts SCOTTISH Jig - A fast dance in compound time. Usually 2 beats in a INSTRUMENTS Bass Drum - This instrument belongs to the percussion family. It is large, low in pitch and played with a large-headed beater. A bass drum is also part of a drum kit. from bamboo or wood, and bound together. The tubes are of varying length which gives different pitches of notes, and the sound is produced by blowing air across the top of the tubes. Bass Guitar - The bass guitar is pitched lower than a Recorder - There are four main types of recorder: descant, guitar. It is an electric string instrument and has only four strings, two fewer than an electric guitar. treble, tenor and bass. bar, with each beat dividing into 3 quavers. March - Music with a strong steady pulse, with two or four beats in a bar, and at a speed that is suitable to march to. Reel - A Scottish dance written in simple time with two or four beats in a bar. Waltz- A dance with three beats in a bar in Cello - This instrument belongs to the string family and is slightly smaller and slightly higher in pitch than a double bass. It can be played with a bow (arco) or pizzicato. simple time. Clarinet - This instrument belongs to the woodwind family. Strathspey - A Scottish dance with four beats in a bar, Pan Pipes - Traditional pan pipes are hollow tubes made It uses a single reed, which is attached to a plastic mouthpiece. with dotted rhythms, and usually featuring the Scotch snap. Saxophone - This instrument belongs to the woodwind family. It uses a single reed which is attached to a plastic mouthpiece. Tambourine - This instrument belongs to the percussion family. It has a wooden or plastic frame, pairs of metal jingles attached, and is mostly played by the hand striking or shaking the instrument. Double Bass - This instrument belongs to the string family Mouth Music - Unaccompanied songs with Gaelic or nonsense words, normally sung for ceilidh dances. and is the largest and lowest instrument of the strings. It can be played with a bow (arco) or pizzicato. Pentatonic – Any 5 note Scale Flute - This instrument belongs to the woodwind family, Snare Drum - This instrument belongs to the percussion family and is played with sticks or brushes. Scotch Snap - A very short accented note before a longer although it is made of metal. It does not have a reed. The sound is produced by blowing across the top of a hole – a bit like blowing across the open top of a glass bottle. Glockenspiel - This instrument belongs to the percussion family. The metal bars are laid out in a similar pattern to the piano and are played with beaters. family. A drum with skin stretched across a large bowl which was traditionally made of copper, but is more commonly now made of fibreglass. Guiro - This instrument belongs to the percussion family. It Triangle - This instrument belongs to the percussion is made of wood that has been hollowed out and has ridges cut into the outer surface. A wooden stick is scraped along the ridges to produce the sound. family. A piece of metal in the shape of a triangle, open at one corner, and struck with a metal beater. note. A feature of Strathspeys. Scots Ballad - A Scottish song which tells a story. Drone – 1; One note held on (or repeated in) the bass. Often called a drone bass. Sometimes there is more than one note. 2; The low-pitched pipes of a bagpipe which accompany a melody. INSTRUMENTS (CONT.) Timpani - This instrument belongs to the percussion Trombone - This instrument belongs to the brass family. Harp - This instrument belongs to the string family. It is usually about 1.8 metres high, weighs 36kg and has 47 strings. Air vibrates through a player's lips, into a mouthpiece which is connected to the instrument. It is the only brass instrument that has a slide instead of valves. Harpsichord - A keyboard instrument which looks like a small grand piano. When a key is pressed, it causes a string to be plucked, which gives the harpsichord a 'twangy' sound. 840955179 Page 1 of 4 Trumpet - This instrument belongs to the brass family. Air vibrates through a player's lips, into a mouthpiece which is connected to the instrument. The trumpet is the smallest and highest instrument in the brass family. Violin - This instrument belongs to the string family. It is the smallest and highest pitched instrument in the string family. It can be played with a bow (arco) or pizzicato. Xylophone - This instrument belongs to the percussion family. The wooden bars are laid out in a similar pattern to the piano and are played with beaters. STYLES Baroque - Baroque is the name given to a style of music composed during a particular period, 1600-1750 approximately. Romantic - In music, the period 1810-1900 approximately, which followed the Classical era. The Romantic orchestra grew in size and added piccolo, trombone and more varied percussion. Brass Band - A band of brass instruments and percussion. Wind Band - A band with woodwind, brass and 20th CENTURY (JAZZ) percussion instruments. VOCAL Ragtime Backing Vocals - Singers who support the lead singer(s), A style of dance music which became popular at the end of the 19th century and which helped to influence jazz. usually by singing in harmony in the background. Opera - A drama set to music with soloists, chorus, acting, Scat singing - Nonsense words, syllables and sounds are improvised (made up) by the singer. and orchestral accompaniment. It is normally performed in a Swing theatre. Rapping - Rhyming lyrics that are spoken and performed in - A jazz style which started in the 1930s and was performed by a big band. time to a beat. Rapping is popular in hip-hop music. Syncopation - Strongly accented notes playing off or Verse and Chorus - A structure/form popular in many against the beat. songs. The music of the verse is repeated, often with different words, and (between verses) the chorus is normally repeated, featuring different music to the verse. Scat singing - Nonsense words, syllables and sounds are improvised (made up) by the singer. Concerto - A work for solo instrument and orchestra, eg a flute concerto is written for flute and orchestra. It is normally in three movements. METHODS/EFFECTS Muted - Using a device which reduces the volume or alters the sound of an instrument. Types of voice. Soprano – The highest female voice .Alto - The lowest female voice. Tenor – The highest male voice Bass - The lowest male voice. A B A/ TERNARY - Three-part form – Music in three sections: section A, then B, then back to A. WORLD MUSIC African – Music from Africa Distortion – An electronic effect used in rock music to colour the sound of an electric guitar. It gives a fuzzy sound. Reggae GROUPS STRUCTURE/FORM - Reggae music was developed in the late 1960s Chord Progression A series of related chords built on the first, fourth and fifth notes of a major or minor scale. in Jamaica. Change of Key - A move from one key to another. 840955179 Page 2 of 4 Middle Eight - In popular music, a section which provides a contrast to the opening section. It is often eight bars Pedal - Short for pedal point. A note which is sustained, or repeated continuously, in the bass beneath Compound Time - The beat is divided into groups of changing harmonies. three. Cadenza - A passage of music which allows soloists to Simple time - The music has two, three or four beats in display their technical ability in singing or playing an instrument. each bar, and each beat is a crotchet (1 beat note) and each beat long. Vamp - A rhythmic accompaniment with a bass note played on the beat and a chord off the beat. Usually played on piano or guitar. Ostinato/Riff - A short musical pattern repeated many can be divided into 2. times. Mezzo forte (or mf) stands for fairly loud volume. Arpeggio - Notes of a chord played one after the other. Tempo, Dynamics, Rhythm and Note groupings Mezzo piano (or mp) means fairly quiet volume. Dotted Rhythm - A long note followed by a shorter one A tempo - An instruction to return to the speed that was or a short note followed by a longer one, as in a Scotch snap. played before the tempo changed. Canon - Strict imitation. Once one part starts to play or sing Grouped Semiquavers - A group of semiquavers a melody, another part enters shortly afterwards with exactly Accelerando - The tempo (speed) of the music gradually the same melody. Frere Jacques is often sung this way. See becomes faster. Major - The music sounds in a major key (tonality) – often round. Andante - A tempo at a walking speed, approximately 76Imitation - Where the melody is immediately copied in Minor - The music sounds in a minor key (tonality), often Rallentando - The tempo (speed) of the music gradually described as having a sadder feel than major. slows down. Ornament - An ornament decorates a melody by adding the melody is heard (the theme), then returns several times with variations. described as having a cheery, happy feel to it. 108 beats per minute. another part. It need not be an exact copy. Theme and Variation - The structure of a piece where which are joined together. Anacrusis - The notes which appear before the first strong extra notes. Ornaments are often short and add melodic and beat of a musical phrase, particularly at the start of a piece. rhythmic interest. 840955179 Page 3 of 4 Paired Quavers - Two quavers (½ beat notes) joined together. Quaver - A note that lasts half a beat. Repeat Sign - A sign (indicated by a double barline and two dots) which indicates that a section of music should be repeated. Scale - A sequence of notes moving by step in an ascending or descending order. Semiquaver - A note that lasts for a quarter (1/4) of a beat. 840955179 Page 4 of 4