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Digestion I Pretest 1. The stomach is directly connected to the __________________ above and the _________________ below. 2. The major food digested in the stomach is __________________, which is hydrolyzed by the enzyme ___________________. 3. Among its chemical aspects, every digestive enzyme has a preferred _____________. 4. Before fats are digested they are emulsified by _______________________. 5. Pancreatic juices enter the small intestine by way of the _______________________ duct and contain ________________________ for the digestion of every type of food. 6. The liver first receives the products of digestion by means of the _________________ vein; any excess glucose is stored as ______________________. The nutrients leave the liver via the ______________________. 7. The secretion of digestive juices is controlled by ________________________ and ______________________. 8. The fingerlike projections lining the wall of the small intestine are called ___________. 9. Every diet should include the ______________________ amino acids, the ___________________________ fatty acids, and _______________________. II Definitions 1. Salivary gland: _________________________________________________________ 2. Salivary amylase: ______________________________________________________ 3. Hydrolytic enzyme: _____________________________________________________ 4. Pharynx: _____________________________________________________________ 5. Larynx: ______________________________________________________________ 6. Insulin: _______________________________________________________________ 7. Epiglottis: _____________________________________________________________ 8. Esophagus: ___________________________________________________________ 9. Thyroxin: _____________________________________________________________ 10. Peristalsis: ____________________________________________________________ 11. Sphincter: ____________________________________________________________ 12. Gastric glands: ________________________________________________________ 13. Pepsin: ______________________________________________________________ 14. Duodenum: ___________________________________________________________ 15. Bile: _________________________________________________________________ 16. Gallbladder: ___________________________________________________________ 17. Gastrin: ______________________________________________________________ 18. Secretin: _____________________________________________________________ 19. CCK: ________________________________________________________________ 20. Villi: _________________________________________________________________ 21. Lacteal: ______________________________________________________________ 22. Hepatic portal vein: ____________________________________________________ 23. Deamination: __________________________________________________________ 24. Gallstones: ___________________________________________________________ 25. Colon: _______________________________________________________________ 26. Rectum: ______________________________________________________________ 27. Anus: ________________________________________________________________ 28. Appendix: ____________________________________________________________ 29. Glucagon: ____________________________________________________________ III Study Questions 1. Label the following diagram 9 10 11 2. After studying this figure, answer the questions below. a) In which part of the tract are nutrient molecules absorbed? ___________________ ________________________________. b) In which part of the tract does pancreatic juice enter? _______________________. c) In which part of the tract does bile enter? ________________________________. d) What parts of the digestive tract do not actually contain food and might be called accessory organs of digestion? ________________and _________________. e) What parts of the digestive tract do not have ducts entering them and do not secrete digestive juices? ___________________, ____________________ and _______________________. 3. Control of digestive juices. a) What is gastrin______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________. b) What is secretin? ___________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________. c) What is CCK? ______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________. d) What is enterogastrone? ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________. 4. List six functions of the liver. a) __________________________________________________________________. b) __________________________________________________________________. c) __________________________________________________________________. d) __________________________________________________________________. e) __________________________________________________________________. f) __________________________________________________________________. 5. Chemical digestion. a) Digestion of carbohydrate (starch) Starch digestion begins in the ___________________. Here the ducts empty from the ______________________ glands. The salivary juice contains the enzyme _____________________________, and this enzyme breaks down starch to the disaccharide __________________________. Starch is also acted on in the ______________________________. Here a duct empties from the _________________________. Pancreatic juice contains the enzyme __________________________________, which breaks down starch to the disaccharide ________________________. Starch digestion is complete when this disaccharide is broken down to _________________________, a monosaccharide, which can be absorbed by intestinal villi. The enzyme that catalyses this reaction is called _______________________________, and is secreted by _____________________________ glands. b) Digestion of protein. Protein digestion begins in the ____________________. The ___________ ________________ glands line the wall of the stomach. They secrete the inactive enzyme ______________________, which must first be converted to _____________ by _____________. Then it breaks down protein to _______________________. Another enzyme called _____________________ is secreted by the _________________________, and this enzyme acts on protein in the _________________________________, also breaking down protein to __________________________. Protein digestion is complete when peptides are broken down to ______________________________, molecules small enough be absorbed by the villi. The glands that secrete _____________ to produce amino acids are the intestinal glands located at the base of the villi. c) Digestion of fat (butter). Fat is first emulsified by __________________, a substance made by the liver and stored in the _________________________. The contents of the latter enter the small intestine by way of the ____________ duct. After the fat has been emulsified, it is broken down by the enzyme ______________________, also found in pancreatic juice, which enters the small intestine by way of the pancreatic duct. Fats are broken down to _____________ and ________________________ , molecules small enough to be absorbed by intestinal villi. Actually, fats enter the _______________________, which are a part of the lymphatic system. 6. Path of food. a) Food consists of the large organic molecules _________________, _______ _______________, and ____________________. In the mouth, the only type of food digested is _______________________. The mouth has a ___________________ pH. The food passes down the long tube called the _______________________. A rhythmic contraction called ________________ pushes the food along. b) After passing through the ______________ sphincter (a circular muscle), the food enters the _______________________. Here the primary food acted on is (3) ___________________. This organ has an ______________________ pH. The food, now called the acid chyme, passes through the ________________ sphincter into the ________________. c) Two ducts enter this organ; they are the ___________________ duct from the __________________________ and the __________________________ duct from the _________________________. Bile contains an __________________, which divides fats up into fat droplets. Pancreatic juice contains enzymes that act on __________________, ________________, ________________, and _________________________. Lining the walls of the intestine are ___________________ and _____________________ glands. The latter secretes the enzymes ________________________, ________________ and ______________ which finish digestion by converting ________________to glucose, _____________________ to amino acids and ___________________ to ____________________. Thus the small nutrient molecules that are absorbed by the villi are _______________, ______________________, __________________, ________________________, and __________________________. Fat products enter the _____________________, and the other molecules enter the _____________ portal vein. d) This vein takes the nutrients to the ____________________, an organ of homeostasis. For example, this organ stores glucose as __________________ and always keeps the blood glucose level constant. This organ can also remove amino groups from _________________________ and convert the amino groups to ______________________, a nitrogenous waste product. IV Digestive Enzyme Quiz For each combination of substances below, decide whether digestion will or will not occur at the maximum rate. Give an explanation if digestion will not occur maximally. 1. Trypsin, NaHCO3, egg white, warm gently _____________________________________________________________________ 2. Salivary amylase, water, egg white, warm gently _____________________________________________________________________ 3. pepsin, HCI, egg white, freeze _____________________________________________________________________ 4. Pancreatic amylase, HCI, starch, heat to boiling _____________________________________________________________________ 5. Lipase, NaHCO3, fats, warm gently _____________________________________________________________________ 6. Maltase, HCI, maltose, warm gently _____________________________________________________________________ 7. Peptidases, fat, HCI, warm gently _____________________________________________________________________ 8. Pepsin, HCI, egg white, warm gently _____________________________________________________________________ 9. Trypsin, starch, water, warm gently _____________________________________________________________________ 10. HCI, egg white, water, warm gently _____________________________________________________________________ V Post test 1. As a result of the digestive process, protein, fat, and starch are absorbed into the body. a) True b) false 2. Two enzymes involved in the digestion of proteins are a) Salivary amylase and lipase b) trypsin and hydrochloric acid c) pancreatic amylase and bile d) pepsin and trypsin 3. Bile a) Is an important enzyme for the digestion of fats b) is made by the gallbladder c) contains products from hemoglobin breakdown d) c and d 4. HCI a) is an enzyme b) creates the acid condition necessary for pepsin to work c) is found in the intestinal tract d) all of these 5. Pancreatic juice is directly regulated by a) the presence of food in the intestine b) the sight of food c) the thought of food d) secretin 6. The products of digestion enter the a) aorta b) hepatic portal vein c) vena cava d) pancreas 7. Which of these is NOT a function of the liver? a) Bile production b) glucose storage c) urea production d) red blood cell production 8. The large intestine a) digests all types of food b) is the longest part of the intestinal tract c) absorbs water d) is connected to the stomach 9. Basal metabolic rate refers to a) the rate of breathing after exercise b) the rate of metabolism after eating c) the heartbeat rate d) the amount of energy used at complete rest 10. If one were on a carbohydrate-only diet, illness might result because chances are that the diet would lack a) sugar b) essential fatty acids c) essential amino acids d) vitamins e) all but a In questions 11-14, fill in each blank with the proper term. 11. ______________________________ are usually portions of coenzymes needed in small amounts that the body is no longer capable of synthesizing and must therefore be in the diet. 12. ________________________________is a rhythmical contraction that serves to move the contents along in tubular organs such as the digestive tract. 13. ________________________________is a chemical secreted in one part of the body that controls the activity of other parts. 14.______________________ is a hormone released by ____________________ that controls metabolism.