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Standard 8 : Matter
This document was generated on CPALMS - www.cpalms.org
A. A working definition of matter is that it takes up space, has mass, and has measurable
properties. Matter is comprised of atomic, subatomic, and elementary particles.
B. Electrons are key to defining chemical and some physical properties, reactivity, and molecular
structures. Repeating (periodic) patterns of physical and chemical properties occur among
elements that define groups of elements with similar properties. The periodic table displays the
repeating patterns, which are related to the atom's outermost electrons. Atoms bond with each
other to form compounds.
C. In a chemical reaction, one or more reactants are transformed into one or more new products.
Many factors shape the nature of products and the rates of reaction.
D. Carbon-based compounds are building-blocks of known life forms on earth and numerous
useful natural and synthetic products.
Number: SC.912.P.8
Title: Matter
Type: Standard
Subject: Science
Grade: 912
Body of Knowledge: Physical Science
Related Benchmarks
Code
SC.912.P.8.1:
Description
Differentiate among the four states of matter.
Remarks/Examples:
Differentiate among the four states of matter (solid, liquid,
gas and plasma) in terms of energy, particle motion, and
phase transitions. (Note: Currently five states of matter
have been identified.)
Differentiate between physical and chemical properties and
physical and chemical changes of matter.
SC.912.P.8.2:
Remarks/Examples:
Discuss volume, compressibility, density, conductivity,
malleability, reactivity, molecular composition, freezing,
melting and boiling points. Describe simple laboratory
techniques that can be used to separate homogeneous and
heterogeneous mixtures (e.g. filtration, distillation,
chromatography, evaporation).
Explore the scientific theory of atoms (also known as atomic
theory) by describing changes in the atomic model over time
and why those changes were necessitated by experimental
evidence.
SC.912.P.8.3:
Remarks/Examples:
Describe the development and historical importance of
atomic theory from Dalton (atomic theory), Thomson (the
electron), Rutherford (the nucleus and "gold foil"
experiment), and Bohr (planetary model of atom), and
understand how each discovery leads to modern atomic
theory.
Florida Standards Connections: MAFS.K12.MP.4: Model
with mathematics.
Explore the scientific theory of atoms (also known as atomic
theory) by describing the structure of atoms in terms of protons,
neutrons and electrons, and differentiate among these particles
in terms of their mass, electrical charges and locations within
the atom.
SC.912.P.8.4:
Remarks/Examples:
Explain that electrons, protons and neutrons are parts of the
atom and that the nuclei of atoms are composed of protons
and neutrons, which experience forces of attraction and
repulsion consistent with their charges and masses.
Florida Standards Connections: MAFS.K12.MP.4: Model
with mathematics.
Relate properties of atoms and their position in the periodic
table to the arrangement of their electrons.
SC.912.P.8.5:
Remarks/Examples:
Use the periodic table and electron configuration to
determine an element's number of valence electrons and its
chemical and physical properties. Explain how chemical
properties depend almost entirely on the configuration of
the outer electron shell.
Distinguish between bonding forces holding compounds
together and other attractive forces, including hydrogen bonding
and van der Waals forces.
SC.912.P.8.6:
Remarks/Examples:
Describe how atoms combine to form molecules through
ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonding. Compare and
contrast the characteristics of the interactions between
atoms in ionic and covalent compounds and how these
bonds form. Use electronegativity to explain the difference
between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds.
Interpret formula representations of molecules and compounds
in terms of composition and structure.
SC.912.P.8.7:
Remarks/Examples:
Write chemical formulas for simple covalent (HCl, SO2,
CO2, and CH4), ionic (Na+ + Cl- +NaCl) and molecular
(O2, H2O) compounds. Predict the formulas of ionic
compounds based on the number of valence electrons and
the charges on the ions.
Characterize types of chemical reactions, for example: redox,
acid-base, synthesis, and single and double replacement
reactions.
SC.912.P.8.8:
Remarks/Examples:
Classify chemical reactions as synthesis (combination),
decomposition, single displacement (replacement), double
displacement, and combustion.
Apply the mole concept and the law of conservation of mass to
calculate quantities of chemicals participating in reactions.
SC.912.P.8.9:
Remarks/Examples:
Recognize one mole equals 6.02 x 10^23 particles (atoms
or molecules). Determine number of particles for elements
and compounds using the mole concept, in terms of number
of particles, mass, and the volume of an ideal gas at
specified conditions of temperature and pressure. Use
experimental data to determine percent yield, empirical
formulas, molecular formulas, and calculate the mass-tomass stoichiometry for a chemical reaction.
Describe oxidation-reduction reactions in living and non-living
systems.
SC.912.P.8.10:
Remarks/Examples:
Identify the substance(s) losing and gaining electrons in
oxidation-reduction reactions. Discuss voltaic cells, various
types of batteries, electrolysis of water, smelting and
purification of metals, electrolysis of brine versus molten
NaCl, neutralization reactions, electrolytic cells, and living
systems (photosynthesis and cellular respiration).
Relate acidity and basicity to hydronium and hydroxyl ion
concentration and pH.
SC.912.P.8.11:
Remarks/Examples:
Use experimental data to illustrate and explain the pH scale
to characterize acid and base solutions. Compare and
contrast the strengths of various common acids and bases.
Describe the properties of the carbon atom that make the
diversity of carbon compounds possible.
SC.912.P.8.12:
Remarks/Examples:
Explain how the bonding characteristics of carbon lead to a
large variety of structures ranging from simple
hydrocarbons to complex polymers and biological
molecules.
Identify selected functional groups and relate how they
contribute to properties of carbon compounds.
SC.912.P.8.13:
Remarks/Examples:
Recognize functional groups in structural formulas of
carbon molecules (e.g. sugars, proteins, nucleotides, amino
acids, hydroxyl groups which form alcohols, carbonyl
groups which form aldehydes / ketones, carboxyl groups
which form carboxylic acids, etc.).
Related Access Points
Independent
Access Point Number
SC.912.P.8.In.1:
SC.912.P.8.In.2:
SC.912.P.8.In.3:
SC.912.P.8.In.4:
SC.912.P.8.In.5:
SC.912.P.8.In.6:
SC.912.P.8.In.7:
SC.912.P.8.In.8:
Access Point Title
Classify states of matter as solid, liquid, and gaseous.
Compare characteristics of physical and chemical changes of
matter.
Identify the nucleus as the center of an atom.
Recognize that the periodic table includes all known elements.
Identify that compounds are made of two or more elements.
Identify formulas for common compounds, such as H2O and
CO2.
Identify properties of common acids and bases.
Identify that carbon is found in all living things.
Supported
Access Point Number
SC.912.P.8.Su.1:
SC.912.P.8.Su.2:
SC.912.P.8.Su.3:
SC.912.P.8.Su.4:
SC.912.P.8.Su.5:
SC.912.P.8.Su.6:
SC.912.P.8.Su.7:
SC.912.P.8.Su.8:
Access Point Title
Identify examples of states of matter as solid, liquid, and
gaseous.
Identify examples of physical and chemical changes.
Recognize that atoms are tiny particles in materials, too small to
see.
Recognize examples of common elements, such as oxygen and
hydrogen.
Recognize examples of common compounds, such as water and
salt.
Match common chemical formulas to their common name, such
as H2O to water.
Categorize common materials or foods as acids or bases.
Recognize that carbon is found in all living things.
Participatory
Access Point Number
SC.912.P.8.Pa.1:
SC.912.P.8.Pa.2:
SC.912.P.8.Pa.3:
Access Point Title
Select an example of a common solid, liquid, and gas.
Recognize a common chemical change, such as cooking,
burning, rusting, or decaying.
Recognize that the parts of an object can be put together to
make a whole.
SC.912.P.8.Pa.3:
SC.912.P.8.Pa.4:
SC.912.P.8.Pa.5:
Recognize that the parts of an object can be put together to
make a whole.
Match common compounds to their names or communication
symbols.
Recognize that some acids and bases can be dangerous and
identify related hazard symbols.
Related Resources
Text Resource
Name
"Cooking with Chemistry":
American Elements:
Description
This informational text
resource is intended to
support reading in the
content area.
This article from the Royal
Society of Chemistry's
Chemistry World magazine
explains molecular
gastronomy, a scientific
discipline based on the
physics and chemistry of
cooking.
This web site features an
interactive periodic chart that
provides information on the
elements, including a
description, physical and
thermal properties,
abundance, isotopes,
ionization energy, the
element's discoverer,
translations of element
names into several
languages, and bibliographic
information on research-anddevelopment publications
involving the element.
Additional information
includes technical
information and information
on manufactured products for
Ammonium Dichromate:
Artistic Chemistry: A Beautiful Collaboration:
Avogadro: Voice in the Wilderness:
elemental metals, metallic
compounds, and ceramic and
crystalline products. The
American Elements company
manufactures engineered and
advanced material products.
This article explains the uses
and properties of ammonium
dichromate, an “explosive”
compound once common in
children’s chemistry sets,
and the reasons why society
has gradually moved away
from using this compound.
This informational text
resource is intended to
support reading in the
content area. Chemistry can
be an important part of
creating art. This article
discusses two examples of
this: the presence of redox
reactions in making Raku
pottery, and the use of
cleaning agents when
creating stained glass. The
process of making both types
of art is described, along
with the chemical reactions
involved.
This informational text
resource is intended to
support reading in the
content area. The article
explains how Avogadro's
hypothesis, proposed prior to
the publishing of Dalton's
atomic theory, was initially
rejected. But his hypothesis
turned out to be the key to
solving many problems
facing chemistry in the
1800s. The article describes
how the later acceptance of
his original idea changed the
Chemistry Unearths the Secrets of the Terracotta Army:
Demystifying Gross Stuff:
Do Diamonds Really Come from Coal?:
subject forever and even
allowed for the creation of
the periodic table.
This informational text
resource is intended to
support reading in the
content area. In 1974 a group
of Chinese farmers digging a
well came across a great
discovery: the Terracotta
Army from the tomb of the
first emperor of China. Since
the discovery, archaeologists
have been researching many
aspects of the artifacts.
Recently, with the use of
chemistry, they have been
able to determine many
details of the weapons of the
Terracotta Army, including
their chemical composition
and production techniques.
This informational text
resource is intended to
support reading in the
content area. From pimples
to bad breath to passing gas,
this article clears up the
science behind some of the
gross things our bodies do—
acne, bad breath, and
flatulence—in an attempt to
make the gross seem a little
less so.
This resource is intended to
support reading in the
content area. This article
debunks a popular Superman
myth. Even though diamonds
and coal are both different
forms of carbon, and
pressure is a key part of
turning carbon into
diamonds, the author
explains why Superman
Graphene: The Next Wonder Material?:
History Of Chemistry/Famous Chemists:
Kitty Litter Chem:
Molten Salts Could Improve Fuel Economy:
cannot crush coal to make
diamonds. The article goes
on to explain how diamonds
are actually formed.
This informational text
resource is intended to
support reading in the
content area. The article
places special attention on
the properties of graphene
and its future potential uses.
This informational text
resource is intended to
support reading in the
content area. This article
describes the history of
chemistry through the
scientific findings and major
contributions of several
important chemists. These
chemists, including Joseph
Priestly, Dmitri Mendeleev,
and Niels Bohr, discovered
properties of gases and other
materials, developed the Law
of Conservation of Mass and
the periodic table, and
contributed to the
development of atomic
theory.
This informational text
resource is intended to
support reading in the
content area. Silly cat videos
are all the rage on the
Internet, but cleaning up after
them can be a stinky chore!
In this article, students will
delve into the history of kitty
litter and the chemistry
behind getting rid of the
stink.
This informational text
resource is intended to
support reading in the
content area. This text
describes a new technology
that might a boost car
engine’s efficiency by 2%
by adding ionic liquids called
“molten salts” to lubricating
engine oil. The addition of
the molten salts has the
potential to reduce millions
of barrels of oils from being
imported into the United
States annually.
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions -- Real-Life Implications:
Paintball: Chemistry Hits its Mark:
This informational text
resource is intended to
support reading in the
content area. Oxidationreduction reactions are one
of the main types of reactions
students are taught in
chemistry class, but what are
some real-life examples of
this often awe-inspiring
reaction? This article looks at
the science behind some reallife oxidation-reduction
reactions, including
explosions (in cars and
trains), space shuttle fuel,
and many uses of metals.
The importance of these
reactions in limiting systems
is also covered.
This informational text is
intended to support reading
in the content area. The
article discusses how the
concept of paintball
originated and how it has
changed into the sport of
today. It also describes how
the different states of matter
are all present in the
components of paintball.
This informational text
resource is intended to
support reading in the
content area. This simple text
Periodic Table of the Elements:
explains the basics of how
the periodic table is
organized and summarizes
the information that the table
includes about each element.
This informational text
resource is intended to
support reading in the
content area. This article
describes researchers'
development of a material
similar to plastic that
regenerates or grows back
Regenerating Plastic Grows Back After Damage:
after damage. Researchers
have discovered that the
material is similar to biologic
regenerative functions in
living organisms and works
by bonding to the damaged
area and filling the holes and
cracks to repair itself.
This informational text is
intended to support reading
in the content area. Scientists
use normal table salt and
expose it to extreme
conditions to create new
Salty Surprise: Ordinary Table Salt Turns into 'Forbidden' Forms: compounds that defy the
classical rules of chemistry.
These new compounds may
help to produce better
products with new
applications and understand
planetary cores.
This informational text is
intended to support reading
in the content area. This
Snapshots Differentiate Molecules From Their Mirror Image:
article describes how
scientists were able to reveal
the spatial structure of lefthanded and right-handed
The Quest for a Clean Drink:
chiral molecules in gaseous
solutions by using a
combination of mass
spectrometry and the
Coulomb explosion.
This informational text
resource is intended to
support reading in the
content area. In America,
clean water flows with the
turn of a knob, but many
countries do not have this
luxury. This article looks at
three different ways
scientists have created
treatment systems for
drinking water in poor
countries like India and
Bangladesh.
Lesson Plan
Name
A Bright Idea:
A Closer Look at pH!:
Acid or Base???:
Description
Students will look for a
correlation between pH and
conductivity. They will also
compare ionic, molecular,
and solids for conductivity.
The procedure provided
above is a guided, step-bystep presentation. Remove
steps to achieve the level of
inquiry desired for your
class.
The purpose of this activity
is to classify equimolar
(equal concentration) acidic
and basic solutions as strong
or weak by analyzing pH
measurements.
Students will complete a lab
on acids and bases. Students
will test various household
substances to see if they are
acids or bases. They
Acids, Bases, and pH:
All in the Family:
Atomic Theory Stations - Eckert:
will create a pH scale and
label their substances on it.
This is a lesson for
introducing the concepts of
acids, bases, and pH.
This lesson allows the
students to become familiar
with the elements on the
periodic table. The students
play a game of go fish using
cards they've made from
index cards. The students
match the cards according to
their oxidation number in a
similar pattern to how the
game go fish is played. The
students also use the index
cards to make flash cards of
their elements and use the
cards as a study tool. The
students will learn how
subatomic particles and
chemical characteristics
determine the placement of
elements on the periodic
table.
This is a set of 8 stations
(each station lasts 15-20
minutes) that students may
complete individually or in
small groups. The stations
focus on the development of
the atomic theory and
introduce students to the
concept of the subatomic
particles, how they were
discovered, and where they
are located within the atom.
The stations can be grouped
together and used as one
lesson for 2-3 consecutive
days, or they can be split into
smaller increments and used
over the course of several
lessons.
Balancing Chemical Equations Using a Visual Aid:
Behavior of Gases: Disaster at Lake Nyos:
Behind the Scenes with Double-Replacement Reactions:
BIOSCOPES Summer Institute 2013 - Atomic Models:
BIOSCOPES Summer Institute 2013 - Solutions:
Students will use this
kinesthetic activity to further
their knowledge regarding
balancing chemical
equations.
Students, through discussion
and structured inquiry, will
learn about the behavior of
gases under various
conditions. Students will be
able to apply these concepts
to everyday objects such as
soda bottles, fire
extinguishers, hot air
balloons, propane tanks, and
aerosol products.
In this lesson plan the
students will engage in a
laboratory experiment that
requires them to identify the
precipitate that forms when
two aqueous solutions react
together. The students will
apply solubility rules to
determine the chemical
formula and name of the
precipitate that forms during
the laboratory experiment.
This lesson is designed to be
part of a sequence of lessons.
It follows CPALMS
Resource #52952
"BIOSCOPES Summer
Institute 2013 - Solutions."
The lesson employs a
predict, observe, explain
approach along with inquirybased activities to enhance
student understanding of
atomic structure.
This lesson is designed to be
part of a sequence of lessons.
It follows CPALMS
Resource #52705
"BIOSCOPES Summer
BIOSCOPES Summer Institute 2013 - States of Matter:
Chemical Reactions Word Sort:
Classifying the Universe: What is matter and how do we as
scientists categorize it?:
Institute 2013Â - States of
Matter" and precedes
CPALMS Resource #52961
"BIOSCOPES Summer
Institute 2013Â - Atomic
Models." The lesson employs
a predict, observe, explain
approach along with inquirybased activities to enhance
student understanding of
properties aqueous solutions
in terms of the kinetic
molecular theory and
intermolecular forces.
This lesson is designed to be
part of a sequence of lessons.
It follows CPALMS
Resource #52957
"BIOSCOPES Summer
Institute 2013 Thermal Energy" and
precedes CPALMS Resource
#52961 "BIOSCOPES
Summer Institute 2013 Solutions." The lesson
employs a predict, observe,
explain approach along with
inquiry-based activities to
enhance student
understanding of states of
matter and phase changes in
terms of the kinetic
molecular theory.
This is meant to be a
review/extension lesson
about chemical reactions.
Students will use a card sort
to distinguish chemical
reactions in various forms of
representation.
This is a hands-on lesson
teaching what matter is and
the differences between pure
substances (elements and
compounds) and mixtures
Converting from moles to mass (grams) :
Dancing Ionic Compounds:
Determining the Empirical Formula of Hydrates:
Distinguishing between Single-Replacement and DoubleReplacement Reactions:
(heterogeneous and
homogeneous).
Lesson on finding molar
mass and converting from
moles to mass (grams) for
pure substances (elements,
compounds and molecules)
using the periodic table and
the molar road map.
This lesson concentrates on
teaching students to name
and create formulas for ionic
compounds with transition
metals and group 1 and 2
metals. It uses a gradual
release model by first
guiding students through
different scenarios, allowing
them to work in groups, and
finally working on an
individual question. The
Dancing Ionic Compounds
activity is meant to be fun
and engaging, helping
students master the writing
and naming of ionic
compounds.
Students will apply the mole
concept and the law of
conservation of mass to
determine the empirical
formula of a hydrate.
Students will also use data
from their experiment to
understand the concept of
mole ratios, formulas and
predicting products from
reactions. Students will
interpret formula
representation of compounds
and understand their percent
composition.
The teacher will perform a
demonstration that requires
the students to use their
Dollars for Density:
Double Replacement Reaction Lab:
Fish Tank pH:
knowledge of singlereplacement and doublereplacement reactions to
distinguish between the two
types of reactions. The
students will also make
predictions, observations,
and explanations about the
products that will form when
a chemical reaction takes
place.
This is a guided inquiry
activity in which students use
simple lab procedures and
discussions to develop and
apply the concept of density.
Students collect and graph
data which they use to
explore the relationship
between mass and volume.
Then students use their
graph, rather than a
memorized formula, to
identify the unknown
substance.
Students will perform a set of
double replacement
reactions. They will be given
the opportunity to record
observations, write formulas
for compounds, and balance
the chemical equations for a
set of double replacement
reactions. The student lab
instruction sheet includes an
introduction to chemical
equations, student
instructions, and post lab
questions in a foldable
booklet format.
The lesson incorporates
language arts and physical
science content through the
use of supplemental readings
and Model Eliciting Activity.
Gluva-Glop:
Introduction to Acids & Bases: what are they and how do we as
scientists measure them?:
Investigating the pH of Soils:
Ionic Bonding Mates:
In this lesson student will use
their knowledge of the pH
scale, hydronium ion
concentrations and critical
thinking to find the solution
to a problem.
This is a rework of the lab
creating "Silly Putty" from a
traditional cookbook lab to
an inquiry based lesson. A
situational story is read to the
class and students are then
challenged to create the
"lost" substance. Students are
provided the raw materials
but not given exact amounts.
Through multiple trials,
students experiment with
ways to come up with a
sample that closely
resembles the one provided
at the beginning of the
lesson.
A hands-on, lab-based
introduction to the pH scale
and the characteristics of
acids and bases.
In this activity students will
conduct research then test the
effects of adding products to
soil. Students will learn
about soil pH, what factors
affect the pH of soil and how
important it is to the growth
of plants. Students will learn
to use reputable resources to
support their findings.
Students will be expected to
write a detailed lab report
that thoroughly explores the
concept while integrating the
data from their investigation.
This activity addresses the
part of the standard that
focuses on only one type of
I-on-it (Ionic) or not?:
Last...but certainly not the least:
bonding, ionic bonding. In
this engaging activity,
students will find several
bonding mates. Students
will use their knowledge of
ions to practice writing
formulas for ionic
compounds. Students will
collaborate with their peers
as they look to make bonds.
Students will complete the
table and discuss how to
name the ionic compounds.
Students will complete this
activity with a greater
understanding of the
formation of ionic bonds.
In this physically engaging
activity students will debate
with their peers whether a
randomly drawn
statement/diagram/compound
name or formula applies to
ionic bonds, covalent bonds
or both types of bonds. Then
sort themselves throughout
the room accordingly. Peer
support and collaboration are
encouraged while the teacher
facilitates proper placement.
Activity concludes with a T
chart graphic organizer and a
writing assignment where
students personify the bond
types.
Through this activity,
students will create a
periodic table with Electron
Dot Diagrams. This
investigation allows students
to explore and recognize
patterns of the periodic table.
This lesson allows students
to draw conclusions and
clearly demonstrates that
atoms of elements in the
Let's Get Physical:
Making Menus:
Mass Mole Relationships: A Statistical Approach To Accuracy
and Precision:
same group have the same
number of valence electrons
while sharing similar
properties and
characteristics.
The following lesson
provides instruction and
activities that introduce the
physical properties and
physical changes of matter.
The guided practice gives
students the opportunity to
engage in analyzing real
world examples and their
unique physical properties.
Students will experience a
interactive virtual density
lab. The culminating activity
for "Let's Get Physical" will
be a creative collaborate
activity, in which students
will have to work together to
create a game, chidren's
book, song or skit to
introduce the 7 physical
properties of matter to
elementary aged students.
Students can organize
information about a chemical
substance into a menu that
will help them establish their
thoughts when converting
using the concept of the
mole. Ordering off their
menu narrows the
information to only what is
relevant and allows them to
easily set up factor label
conversions.
The lesson is a laboratorybased activity involving
measurement, accuracy and
precision, stoichiometry and
a basic statistical analysis of
data using a scatter plot,
Metallic Single-Replacement Reactions:
Modeling Compounds with Fruit Loops:
Modeling the Kinetic Theory:
Mole Relay:
linear equation, and linear
regression (line of best fit).
The lesson includes teacherled discussions with student
participation and laboratorybased group activities.
This lesson requires students
to investigate and analyze
metallic single-replacement
reactions during a laboratory
experiment.
In this activity students will
model ionic and covalent
bonds. Students will use
colored fruit loops to
represent electrons of various
atoms.
Students will engage in a
directed inquiry lab to model
the kinetic theory of matter.
In the end, students should
have a firm grasp of how
matter's behavior is changed
when its structure is changed
during phase transitions.
To be successful in
chemistry, students need a
solid foundation in solving
multi-step (sequential)
problems. This activity uses
inexpensive materials to
strengthening students
understanding of
stoichiometry problems
during an engaging group
competition. A studentcentered approach develops
the reasoning skills needed
for scientific thinking. Each
student assumes a different
role as they complete work in
a complex stoichiometry
problem. Students may
receive immediate feedback
Molecular Compound Lewis Dot Structures:
My 2 Cents:
Mystery Isotopes:
Periodic Organization:
from their teammates so that
success is felt by all learners.
In this lesson, students will
be introduced to bonding and
what enables an element to
bond in a variety of ways
(single, double, and triple
bonds).
Students predict how the
mass of a penny changes
over time, devise a method to
test their prediction,
collect/analyze data and
determine the composition of
a penny based on physical
properties and calculations.
This student-centered activity
allows freedom from
mistakes as they explore their
learning in a supportive
environment.
Through this engaging
activity students work as a
group to create models of
isotopes with stickers and
construction paper. Students
also use models created by
their peers to analyze the
number of subatomic
particles and determine
isotopes' names. All
worksheets and data
collection sheets are
included.
This lesson explores how
Mendeleev organized the
periodic table by explaining
the different trends and
properties of elements.
Students can determine the
different relative properties
of an element based on its
location on the periodic
table.
Physical and Chemical Changes Observed in Pancakes:
Precipitate Lab:
Predicting the Products of Double-Replacement Reactions:
Students will observe the
physical and chemical
changes that occur during
pancake preparation while
following the scientific
method.
Students will make chalk
by reacting calcium chloride
with sodium bicarbonate.
They will be able to watch a
precipitate being formed.
This lab will help them
understand the difference
between a precipitate and a
filtrate and understand what
reaction type the reaction isdouble displacement. In the
next class period, the
precipitate will be dry and
the students can use the
chalk they made and draw
with it.
This is a General Lesson
Plan that introduces doublereplacement reactions. The
students will learn how to
predict the products when
two aqueous solutions react
together and use solubility
rules to predict the states of
matter of the products.
During the Teaching Phase,
the teacher uses direct
instruction to introduce
double-replacement
reactions. During the direct
instruction, the students will
record their notes on a Notes
Template. The Teaching
Phase is followed by Guided
Practice where the educator
models how to predict the
products of a doublereplacement reaction and the
states of matter of the
products. The last phase is
the Independent Practice
where the students use the
cooperative learning strategy
RallyCoach to practice
predicting the products and
states of matter for double
replacement reactions.
This resource introduces
students to singlereplacement reactions. The
students will learn to use the
activity series to predict
whether or not a singlereplacement reaction will
take place. This introduction
includes a P.O.E. Reactivity
of Metals activity, Cornell
Notes reading activity, and a
Summative Assessment
activity. The order of
instruction is as follows:
Reactivity of Metals:
1. Complete the P.O.E
Reactivity of Metals
Activity,
2. Then have the
students read the
textbook or the
Single-Replacement
Reactions handout
(see attachments) to
obtain a mini lecture
of single-replacement
reactions. The
students should use
the Cornell Notes
Template to record
their notes,
3. Complete the
summative
assessment, the ReP.O.E Reactivity of
Metals activity, to
check for student
understanding of
single-replacement
reactions.
Redox Reactions:
Rodent Infestation:
Shake it up:
SMALL: Shape Memory Alloy Lab:
In this lesson, students will
be introduced to the concept
of oxidation-reduction
reactions. Students will learn
how to identify the
oxidized/reduced species and
determine whether a reaction
is redox or not. Students will
investigate this concept as it
pertains to chemical
processes in living things
(photosynthesis, respiration,
etc).Â
The lesson integrates
language arts and science
through the use of a Model
Eliciting Activity. The lesson
requires student collaboration
to develop a solution to a
problem. Chemistry is
integrated because they must
utilize their knowledge of the
periodic table.
Students will model
molecular motion with
everyday materials (shaker
bottles) then associate their
model/actions to the phase
transitions of water while
graphing its heat curve from
data collected during a
structured inquiry lab.
Shape Memory Alloys are
metals that can return to or
'remember' their original
shape. They are a cutting
edge application for
Chemistry, Physics, and
Integrated Science. The
activities in this lesson work
well for the study of forces,
Newton's Laws, and
Solutions are Everywhere:
The History of the Atomic Model:
The Mystery of the Chemistry Lab Explosion:
The Structure of an Atom and its Particles:
electricity in physics. They
also lend themselves well to
crystalline structures, heat of
reaction, and bonding in
chemistry. In addition,
students could study
applications for the materials
in the medical and space
industries.
Students will look at similar
solutes and create solutions
with them. They will
compare and contrast them
and record their observations.
The lesson is about the five
scientists and their
contributions to the theory of
the atomic model. The
scientists that we will study
are John Dalton, J. J.
Thompson, Ernest
Rutherford and Niels Bohr.
The students will also
investigate what the present
atomic model looks like and
why the scientists have
concluded that this is now
the electron cloud model.
This lesson requires the
students to use their
observation skills and their
knowledge of singlereplacement and doublereplacement reactions to
solve a mystery. The students
will be performing a
laboratory experiment to
solve the mystery; therefore,
groups of two working in
stations are ideal for
completing this activity.
In this lesson, the 5E model
is used to teach students
about the structure of an
atom. Students will study the
To Friend or Not Friend:
Uniqueness of Carbon:
Using Acid/Base Neutralization to Study Endothermic vs
Exothermic Reactions and Stoichiometry:
Voltaic Cells:
atom's subatomic particles,
including their masses,
electrical charges, and
locations.
The in this activity on
chemical bonding, students
will mimic Facebook,
choosing "friends" based on
their oxidation number.
When the oxidation numbers
of two or more elements
equal zero, a stable bond has
been formed. The purpose of
this activity is for students to
understand the rules for
which elements bond to
make compounds.
In this lesson, students will
be introduced to bonding and
will ultimately learn that
carbon is a versatile element
in terms of its ability to bond
in so many different ways
(single, double, and triple
bonds).
In this lesson, students will
experimentally determine
whether an acid/base
neutralization reaction is
endothermic or exothermic.
They will also use their
results to identify the
limiting reactant at various
times in the process and
calculate the concentration of
one of the reactants.
In this lesson, students will
learn about how batteries
produce electrical power.
Students will learn how a
voltaic cell is designed and
be able to identify the
important characteristics of a
cell as well as calculate cell
potential.
What's In My Water???:
Why so dense?:
Through an engaging
introductory lesson,
laboratory, and virtual
simulation, students will be
prepared to perform a guided
inquiry laboratory
investigating the amount of
sodium sulfate present in an
unknown solution. Students
will learn the importance of
separation techniques such as
filtration, determine which
reactions form precipitates,
and grow in their knowledge
of stoichiometry through
gravimetric analysis.
 This lesson is
designed as an
introduction to
standard
SC.912.P.8.1 and
allows students to
compare the
properties of the three
main phases of matter
(solid, liquid, and
gas) before
competing
cooperatively to build
the most dense or
solid structure
possible in a guided
inquiry activity.
 The lesson plan
follows the 5E model
and incorporates
elements of the
guided inquiry and
POE (predict,
observe, and explain)
models. Students will
be evaluated
summatively with the
use of argument
building.
Perspectives Video: Professional/Enthusiast
Name
Description
Learn how molecules have the potential
A Moment on Dipole-Dipole Forces:
to be polar, but not all are.
Glass artist Russel Scaturro explains why
Graphite for High-temperature Glass Art Fabrication: graphite tools are required for fabrication
with borosilicate glass.
Get sooted up and join a collier as he
Making Charcoal:
discusses charcoal production at historic
Mission San Luis.
Dig in as Daniel Golik, Owner at ChillN, describes how liquid nitrogen is used
to create smooth ice cream in Miami.
Nitrogen Ice Cream:
This video was created by students at
Alonzo And Tracy Mourning Senior
High School in Miami as part of the
SECME STEM video competition.
A welder wields a plasma torch to cut
solid metal like a hot knife through
See the Four States of Matter in Welding!:
butter. It's one-stop shopping to see all
four states of matter.
Angela Dial discusses how she solves
systems of equations to determine how
the composition of ocean floor sediment
Solving Systems of Equations, Oceans & Climate:
has changed over 65 million years to help
reveal more
information regarding climate change.
Master candymaker Wes Raley describes
The Science and Math Behind Sour Fizzy Candy:
the process and science behind making
sour fizzy candy.
Virtual Manipulative
Name
Acid-Base Solutions:
Description
How do strong and weak acids differ? Use lab
tools on your computer to find out! Dip the
paper or the probe into solution to measure the
pH, or put in the electrodes to measure the
conductivity. Then see how concentration and
strength affect pH. Can a weak acid solution
have the same pH as a strong acid solution.
Some of the topics to investigate:



Atom Builder:
Atomic Interactions:
Given acids or bases at the same
concentration, demonstrate
understanding of acid and base
strength by 1. Relating the strength of
an acid or base to the extent to which it
dissociates in water. 2. Identifying all
the molecules and ions that are present
in a given acid or base solution. 3.
Comparing the relative concentrations
of molecules and ions in weak versus
strong acid (or base) solutions. 4.
Describing the similarities and
differences between strong acids and
weak acids or strong bases and weak
bases.
Demonstrate understanding of solution
concentrated by: 1. Describing the
similarities and differences between
concentrated and dilute solutions. 2.
Comparing the concentrations of all
molecules and ions in concentrated
versus dilute solutions of a particular
acid or base.
Describe how common tools (pH
meter, conductivity, pH paper) help
identify whether a solution is an acid
or base and strong or weak and
concentrated or dilute.
This is a virtual manipulative that students
may use to construct various atoms up to
carbon by creating protons and neutrons from
up and down quarks and adding electrons.
Students are challenged to keep the electrical
charge of the atom neutral and to ensure the
imbalance between protons and neutrons
doesn't become great enough to result in
radioactive decay!
In this simulation, explore the interactions
between various combinations of two atoms.
Specific features of the simulation allows you
to see either the total force acting on the atoms
or the individual attractive and repulsive
forces.
Options for learning:



Explain how attractive and repulsive
forces govern the interaction between
atoms.
Describe the effect of potential well
depth on atomic interactions.
Describe the process of bonding
between atoms in terms of energy.
This activity will allow you to practice
balancing a chemical equation. You will have
to make sure you are following the law of
conservation of mass and recognize what can
change to balance an equation.
You can:




Balancing Chemical Equations:
Balance a chemical equation.
Recognize that the number of atoms of
each element is conserved in a
chemical reaction.
Describe the difference between
coefficients and subscripts in a
chemical equation.
Translate from symbolic to molecular
representation.
An assessment activity is included below.
Click to Run
This activity will allow you to make colorful
concentrated and dilute solutions and explore
how much light they absorb and transmit
using a virtual spectrophotometer.
You can explore concepts in many ways
including:




Beer's Law Lab:





Build an Atom:
Describe the relationships between
volume and amount of solute to
solution concentration.
Explain qualitatively the relationship
between solution color and
concentration.
Predict and explain how solution
concentration will change for adding
or removing: water, solute, and/or
solution.
Calculate the concentration of
solutions in units of molarity (mol/L).
Design a procedure for creating a
solution of a given concentration.
Identify when a solution is saturated
and predict how concentration will
change for adding or removing: water,
solute, and/or solution.
Describe the relationship between the
solution concentration and the
intensity of light that is
absorbed/transmitted.
Describe the relationship between
absorbance, molar absorptivity, path
length, and concentration in Beer's
Law.
Predict how the intensity of light
absorbed/transmitted will change with
changes in solution type, solution
concentration, container width, or light
source and explain why?
Build an atom out of protons, neutrons, and
electrons, and see how the element, charge,
and mass change. Then play a game to test
your ideas!
Compounds, Molecules and the Mole:
The relationship of numbers of particles on the
atomic scale to measurements made on the
bulk scale uses the concept of the mole.
Using this simulation, the learner will be able
to explore the relationship between mass,
moles, molecules and atoms.
This simulation will provide the learners with
a chance to increase their understanding of a
molecular shape. The learners will be required
to follow a "Lewis dot structure" which
involves two basic principles:
Create Molecular Shape:
Electron Configurations:
Gas Properties:
1. The shapes of the molecule is
determined by the repulsion between
electron pairs in the outer shell of the
central atom. Both bond pairs and lone
pairs must be considered.
2. Lone pairs repel more than bond pairs.
The electron configuration of an atom is the
representation of the arrangement of electrons
that are distributed among the orbital shells
and subshells. The simulated activity will help
the learners practice the arrangement of the
electrons. The learners will be required to
follow rules in order to correctly divide the
electrons in the orbitals based on the valency
of the atom.
Students will pump gas molecules to a box
and see what happens as they change the
volume, add or remove heat, change gravity,
and more. Measure the temperature and
pressure, and discover how the properties of
the gas vary in relation to each other.

Students can predict how changing a
variable among pressure, volume,
temperature and number influences
other gas properties.


Introduction to Compounds - How Atoms
Bond:
Limiting Reactants:
Models of the Hydrogen Atom Simulation:
Periodic Table:
pH Scale:
Students can predict how changing
temperature will affect the speed of
molecules.
Students can rank the speed of
molecules in thermal equilibrium
based on the relative masses of
molecules.
I use this simulation as an introduction to
molecules and compounds to help students
understand that atoms are not randomly joined
to form a compound/molecule, but join in very
specific patterns. In order to successfully
complete the simulation activity, students
must re-arrange molecules various ways. (In
CH3COOH, both oxygens are bonded to the
carbon atom, for example)
This virtual manipulative will help the
learners to recognize the limiting reactant
effect in a reaction. Limiting reactants can be
explained from the extent to which reactions
that involve more than one reactant can
produce products depends on the quantities of
those reactants combined. In most cases, one
reactant will be totally consumed while the
other reactants remain in excess.
How did scientists figure out the structure of
atoms without looking at them? Try out
different models by shooting light at the atom.
Check how the prediction of the model
matches the experimental results.
This unique periodic table presents the
elements in an interesting visual display.
Select an element to find an image of the
element, a description, history, and even an
animation. Other chemical data is linked as a
PDF file (requires Acrobat Reader).
Students can test the pH of several substances
and visualize hydronium, hydroxide, and
water molecules in solution by concentration
or the number of molecules. Students can add
water to a given substance to see the effects it
will have on the pH of that substance; or they
can create their own custom substance.
Precipitation Reaction Systems:
Rutherford Scattering:
Precipitation reactions occur when cations and
anions of aqueous solutions combine to form
an insoluble ionic solid, called a precipitate.
This simulation explores systems for which
precipitation reactions are possible.A
precipitation reaction is controlled by the
magnitude of the solubility product, solubility
product constant and the concentrations of the
ions in solution.
This virtual manipulative will help
you investigate how Rutherford figured out
the structure of the atom without being able to
see it. This simulation will allow the you to
explore the famous experiment in which
Rutherford disproved the Plum Pudding model
of the atom by observing alpha particles
bouncing off atoms and determining that they
must have a small core.
Further explorations of the tutorial could
include:


States of Matter:
Titrations:
Describe the qualitative difference
between scattering off positively
charged nuclei and electrically neutral
plum pudding atoms.
For a charged nucleus, describe
qualitatively how angle of deflection
depends on: energy of incoming
particle, impact parameters, and charge
of target.
Watch different types of molecules form a
solid, liquid, or gas. Add or remove heat and
watch the phase change. Change the
temperature or volume of a container and see
a pressure-temperature diagram respond in
real time.
This virtual manipulative will help you
understand the process of titration, which is a
neutralization reaction that is performed in
order to determine an unknown concentration
of acid and base. With this simulation, you
will be able to calculate the moles of the acid
with the understanding that the moles of acid
will be equal to the moles of base at the
equivalence point.
Explore pressure under and above water. See
how pressure changes as one change fluids,
gravity, container shapes, and volume.
With this simulation you can:
Under Pressure:



Investigate how pressure changes in air
and water.
Discover how to change pressure.
Predict pressure in a variety of
situations.
Understanding molecular polarity by changing
the electron-negativity of atoms in a molecule
to see how it affects polarity. See how the
molecule behaves in an electric field. Change
the bond angle to see how shape affects
polarity. See how it works for real molecules
in 3D.
Understanding Polarity:
Some learning goals:
•predict bond polarity using electronnegativity values
•indicate polarity with a polar arrow or partial
charges
•rank bonds in order of polarity
•predict molecular polarity using bond
polarity and molecular shape
Video/Audio/Animation
Name
Description
This short YouTube video offers an
amusing means for students to learn
about the way alkali metals react in
Alkali Metals in Water:
water. When teaching trends of the
Periodic Table this video works well
emphasizing similar properties of
groups.
This is a video series that explains
(introduces) properties of the carbon
Climate Connections Global Warming: All about Carbon: atom and parts of the carbon cycle.
The video is entertaining and highly
relevant for content.
Compounds: Acids and bases:
Concentration:
Element Math Game:
Science Crossword Puzzles:
Shapes of Molecules:
This resource is an interactive video
that compares and contrasts acids
and bases while showing properties
and interactions.
 Explain the concept of
concentration
 Explain the effect of
concentration changes on
colors of solutions
 Demonstrate the effect of
changing the amount of
solute, or solvent, or both on
the concentration of the
solution
 Identify a saturated solution
Students determine the number of
protons, electrons, neutrons, and
nucleons for different atoms
A collection of crossword puzzles
that test the knowledge of students
about some of the terms, processes,
and classifications covered in science
topics
 Differentiate between
electron pair and molecular
geometry
 Learn how to name electron
pair and molecular
geometries for molecules
with up to six electron groups
around the central atom
 Illustrate how electron pair
repulsion affects bond angles
Lesson Study Resource Kit
Name
Atomically Correct:
Description
A Lesson Study Resource Kit that addresses interpreting
chemical reactions at three areas of cognition: the macroscopic
world of observable properties (sensory); the microscopic world
of atoms, molecules, ions, and subatomic particles (diagrams);
and the symbolic world of chemical formulas, equations, and
symbols.
Tutorial
Name
Atoms and Bonding:
Central Idea: Quenching Your Thirst for Literacy Skills:
Hydrogen Bonding Force:
Description
This tutorial will help the
learner understand the
relationship between atoms,
their electrons, and the
chemical bonds they can
form.
Click "View Site" to open
a full-screen version. This
tutorial is designed to help
secondary science teachers
learn how to integrate
literacy skills within their
science curriculum. The
focus on literacy across
content areas is designed to
help students independently
build knowledge in different
disciplines through reading
and writing. This tutorial
will demonstrate a series of
steps that teachers can teach
students to help them
determine the central ideas
of a science text. This
tutorial will also explain
what an effective summary
contains and provide steps
teachers can use to help
students with paraphrasing.
A hydrogen bond is the
electromagnetic attractive
interaction between polar
molecules in which
hydrogen is bound to a
highly electronegative atom,
such as nitrogen, oxygen, or
fluorine. This tutorial will
help the learner understand
how hydrogen bonds form
between the molecules.
An organism must maintain
its cellular organization and
internal equilibrium despite
the external force that act
upon it. Cells take in
Introduction to Metabolism:
nutrients as duel to support
their constant fight against a
chaotic, disordered world.
This tutorial will help the
learners to understand the
process of metabolism.
This video explains
Oxidation and Reduction in Cellular Respiration:
oxidation and reduction in
cellular respiration.
This Khan Academy video
explains oxidation and
Oxidation and Reduction Review From Biological Point-of-View:
reduction reactions from a
biological point of view.
This tutorial will help the
learners to understand the
molecular structure of the
Water:
water molecule, its interand intra-molecular bonds,
and the formation of
hydroxide ions.
Formative Assessment
Name
Balancing Act:
Description
This activity allows students to practice balancing chemical
equations. It has three difficulty levels, and the students can
practice with 5, 10, or 15 questions.
Perspectives Video: Expert
Name
Carbon:
Description
Harry Kroto, from Florida State University,
discusses the amazing element carbon, the
compounds it forms, and the uses including
carbon nanotubes.
Carbon can take many forms, including foam!
Learn more about how geometry and the
Carbon Foam and Geometry:
Monte Carlo Method is important in
understanding it.
Keep an eye on pH as you learn about what
pH Scale:
makes acids and bases.
Don't overreact when this chemist describes
Physical and Chemical Changes in Food :
physical and chemical changes that you can
observe in your own kitchen!
Do you know everything about protons? Are
Properties and Structures of Subatomic Particles:
you positive?
Chemistry is pretty sweet. Also tasty if you
Recognizing Redox Reactions:
understand oxidation and reduction reactions,
but it may take a little MacGyvering.
Learn more about the atomic model and
The Discovery and Behavior of Antimatter:
antimatter!
Teaching Idea
Name
Description
This PBS/NOVA presentation tells the story of the CERN
and the Large Hadron Collider project - an amazing ongoing
CERN:
investigation in search of an answer to the mysteries that still
exist in particle physics. Recommended discussions and
activities before and after the video are provided.
A video and supporting activities about the Periodic Table.
Island of Stability:
The context is man's quest to create elements. The focus is
atomic structure and atomic theory.
This resource describes activity that will allow students to
observe the effects of a chemical change as opposed to a
physical change. It also gives them the opportunity to
observe conservation of matter by modeling chemical
Recognizing Chemical Reactions:
equations. The main learning objective is the recognition that
all chemical reactions create new molecules and that in a
chemical reaction the original atoms get rearranged, bonding
together in different ways.
Students conduct and observe a chemical reaction in a
sealable plastic bag. Students then devise and conduct their
Zip-lock Bag Reactions:
own experiments to determine the identity of two unknown
substances used in the reaction.
Perspectives Video: Teaching Idea
Name
Description
Listen to this chemist describe a
simple pH indicator experiment
DIY Cabbage Juice pH Indicator:
using foods and household
chemicals.
A National Board Certified
Teacher and Presidential
Awardee for outstanding math
and science teaching
Halogens, Halides, and Redox Reactions:
demonstrates a hands-on
laboratory activity series to see
which halogen/halide
combinations will result in
redox reactions.
Orange. Blue. Wait, orange.
The Briggs-Rauscher Reaction is a Redox Reaction in Action!:
No, wait, blue. Chemistry!
WebQuest
Name
Description
This jigsaw activity is designed as a cooperative
learning activity used to introduce the idea of
intermolecular forces. Intermolecular forces are the
types of attractive forces that occur between
Intermolecular Forces: A Jigsaw Activity:
molecules in a solid, liquid, or gas. Each force
causes different physical properties of matter. Each
member of the group will become an expert on one
type of force and then teach the rest of the group.
Unit/Lesson Sequence
Name
Description
Students look more
deeply into the
structure of the
atom and play a
game to better
understand the
Middle School Chemistry Unit | Chapter 4 | The Periodic Table & Bonding:
relationship
between protons,
neutrons, electrons,
and energy levels
in atoms and their
location in the
periodic table.
Students will also
explore covalent
and ionic bonding.
Presentation/Slideshow
Name
Description
Ernest Rutherford publishes his atomic theory describing
the atom as having a central positive nucleus surrounded by
Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment: negative orbiting electrons. This model suggested that most
of the mass of the atom was contained in the small nucleus,
and that the rest of the atom was mostly empty space.
Student Resources
Title
A Moment on Dipole-Dipole Forces:
Description
Learn how molecules have the potential to be
polar, but not all are.
How do strong and weak acids differ? Use lab
tools on your computer to find out! Dip the
paper or the probe into solution to measure the
pH, or put in the electrodes to measure the
conductivity. Then see how concentration and
strength affect pH. Can a weak acid solution
have the same pH as a strong acid solution.
Some of the topics to investigate:

Acid-Base Solutions:
Given acids or bases at the same
concentration, demonstrate
understanding of acid and base
strength by 1. Relating the strength of
an acid or base to the extent to which it
dissociates in water. 2. Identifying all
the molecules and ions that are present
in a given acid or base solution. 3.
Comparing the relative concentrations
of molecules and ions in weak versus
strong acid (or base) solutions. 4.
Describing the similarities and
differences between strong acids and
weak acids or strong bases and weak
bases.


American Elements:
Atom Builder:
Atomic Interactions:
Demonstrate understanding of solution
concentrated by: 1. Describing the
similarities and differences between
concentrated and dilute solutions. 2.
Comparing the concentrations of all
molecules and ions in concentrated
versus dilute solutions of a particular
acid or base.
Describe how common tools (pH
meter, conductivity, pH paper) help
identify whether a solution is an acid
or base and strong or weak and
concentrated or dilute.
This web site features an interactive periodic
chart that provides information on the
elements, including a description, physical and
thermal properties, abundance, isotopes,
ionization energy, the element's discoverer,
translations of element names into several
languages, and bibliographic information on
research-and-development publications
involving the element. Additional information
includes technical information and
information on manufactured products for
elemental metals, metallic compounds, and
ceramic and crystalline products. The
American Elements company manufactures
engineered and advanced material products.
This is a virtual manipulative that students
may use to construct various atoms up to
carbon by creating protons and neutrons from
up and down quarks and adding electrons.
Students are challenged to keep the electrical
charge of the atom neutral and to ensure the
imbalance between protons and neutrons
doesn't become great enough to result in
radioactive decay!
In this simulation, explore the interactions
between various combinations of two atoms.
Specific features of the simulation allows you
to see either the total force acting on the atoms
or the individual attractive and repulsive
forces.
Options for learning:



Atoms and Bonding:
This tutorial will help the learner
understand the relationship between atoms,
their electrons, and the chemical bonds they
can form.
This activity will allow you to practice
balancing a chemical equation. You will have
to make sure you are following the law of
conservation of mass and recognize what can
change to balance an equation.
You can:




Balancing Chemical Equations:
Explain how attractive and repulsive
forces govern the interaction between
atoms.
Describe the effect of potential well
depth on atomic interactions.
Describe the process of bonding
between atoms in terms of energy.
Balance a chemical equation.
Recognize that the number of atoms of
each element is conserved in a
chemical reaction.
Describe the difference between
coefficients and subscripts in a
chemical equation.
Translate from symbolic to molecular
representation.
An assessment activity is included below.
Click to Run
This activity will allow you to make colorful
concentrated and dilute solutions and explore
how much light they absorb and transmit
using a virtual spectrophotometer.
You can explore concepts in many ways
including:




Beer's Law Lab:





Describe the relationships between
volume and amount of solute to
solution concentration.
Explain qualitatively the relationship
between solution color and
concentration.
Predict and explain how solution
concentration will change for adding
or removing: water, solute, and/or
solution.
Calculate the concentration of
solutions in units of molarity (mol/L).
Design a procedure for creating a
solution of a given concentration.
Identify when a solution is saturated
and predict how concentration will
change for adding or removing: water,
solute, and/or solution.
Describe the relationship between the
solution concentration and the
intensity of light that is
absorbed/transmitted.
Describe the relationship between
absorbance, molar absorptivity, path
length, and concentration in Beer's
Law.
Predict how the intensity of light
absorbed/transmitted will change with
changes in solution type, solution
concentration, container width, or light
source and explain why?
Build an Atom:
Climate Connections Global Warming: All
about Carbon:
Compounds: Acids and bases:
Concentration:
Build an atom out of protons, neutrons, and
electrons, and see how the element, charge,
and mass change. Then play a game to test
your ideas!
This is a video series that explains
(introduces) properties of the carbon atom and
parts of the carbon cycle. The video is
entertaining and highly relevant for content.
This resource is an interactive video that
compares and contrasts acids and bases while
showing properties and interactions.
 Explain the concept of concentration
 Explain the effect of concentration
changes on colors of solutions
 Demonstrate the effect of changing the
amount of solute, or solvent, or both
on the concentration of the solution
 Identify a saturated solution
This simulation will provide the learners with
a chance to increase their understanding of a
molecular shape. The learners will be required
to follow a "Lewis dot structure" which
involves two basic principles:
Create Molecular Shape:
Electron Configurations:
1. The shapes of the molecule is
determined by the repulsion between
electron pairs in the outer shell of the
central atom. Both bond pairs and lone
pairs must be considered.
2. Lone pairs repel more than bond pairs.
The electron configuration of an atom is the
representation of the arrangement of electrons
that are distributed among the orbital shells
and subshells. The simulated activity will help
the learners practice the arrangement of the
electrons. The learners will be required to
follow rules in order to correctly divide the
electrons in the orbitals based on the valency
of the atom.
Element Math Game:
Students determine the number of protons,
electrons, neutrons, and nucleons for different
atoms
Students will pump gas molecules to a box
and see what happens as they change the
volume, add or remove heat, change gravity,
and more. Measure the temperature and
pressure, and discover how the properties of
the gas vary in relation to each other.

Gas Properties:


Hydrogen Bonding Force:
Introduction to Metabolism:
Making Charcoal:
Models of the Hydrogen Atom Simulation:
Students can predict how changing a
variable among pressure, volume,
temperature and number influences
other gas properties.
Students can predict how changing
temperature will affect the speed of
molecules.
Students can rank the speed of
molecules in thermal equilibrium
based on the relative masses of
molecules.
A hydrogen bond is the electromagnetic
attractive interaction between polar molecules
in which hydrogen is bound to a highly
electronegative atom, such as nitrogen,
oxygen, or fluorine. This tutorial will help the
learner understand how hydrogen bonds form
between the molecules.
An organism must maintain its cellular
organization and internal equilibrium despite
the external force that act upon it. Cells take in
nutrients as duel to support their constant fight
against a chaotic, disordered world. This
tutorial will help the learners to understand the
process of metabolism.
Get sooted up and join a collier as he
discusses charcoal production at historic
Mission San Luis.
How did scientists figure out the structure of
atoms without looking at them? Try out
different models by shooting light at the atom.
Check how the prediction of the model
matches the experimental results.
Oxidation and Reduction in Cellular
Respiration:
Oxidation and Reduction Review From
Biological Point-of-View:
Periodic Table:
pH Scale:
pH Scale:
Physical and Chemical Changes in Food :
Precipitation Reaction Systems:
Properties and Structures of Subatomic
Particles:
Recognizing Redox Reactions:
Rutherford Scattering:
This video explains oxidation and reduction in
cellular respiration.
This Khan Academy video explains oxidation
and reduction reactions from a biological
point of view.
This unique periodic table presents the
elements in an interesting visual display.
Select an element to find an image of the
element, a description, history, and even an
animation. Other chemical data is linked as a
PDF file (requires Acrobat Reader).
Students can test the pH of several substances
and visualize hydronium, hydroxide, and
water molecules in solution by concentration
or the number of molecules. Students can add
water to a given substance to see the effects it
will have on the pH of that substance; or they
can create their own custom substance.
Keep an eye on pH as you learn about what
makes acids and bases.
Don't overreact when this chemist describes
physical and chemical changes that you can
observe in your own kitchen!
Precipitation reactions occur when cations and
anions of aqueous solutions combine to form
an insoluble ionic solid, called a precipitate.
This simulation explores systems for which
precipitation reactions are possible.A
precipitation reaction is controlled by the
magnitude of the solubility product, solubility
product constant and the concentrations of the
ions in solution.
Do you know everything about protons? Are
you positive?
Chemistry is pretty sweet. Also tasty if you
understand oxidation and reduction reactions,
but it may take a little MacGyvering.
This virtual manipulative will help
you investigate how Rutherford figured out
the structure of the atom without being able to
see it. This simulation will allow the you to
explore the famous experiment in which
Rutherford disproved the Plum Pudding model
of the atom by observing alpha particles
bouncing off atoms and determining that they
must have a small core.
Further explorations of the tutorial could
include:


Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment:
Science Crossword Puzzles:
See the Four States of Matter in Welding!:
Shapes of Molecules:
States of Matter:
Describe the qualitative difference
between scattering off positively
charged nuclei and electrically neutral
plum pudding atoms.
For a charged nucleus, describe
qualitatively how angle of deflection
depends on: energy of incoming
particle, impact parameters, and charge
of target.
Ernest Rutherford publishes his atomic
theory describing the atom as having a central
positive nucleus surrounded by negative
orbiting electrons. This model suggested that
most of the mass of the atom was contained in
the small nucleus, and that the rest of the atom
was mostly empty space.
A collection of crossword puzzles that test the
knowledge of students about some of the
terms, processes, and classifications covered
in science topics
A welder wields a plasma torch to cut solid
metal like a hot knife through butter. It's onestop shopping to see all four states of matter.
 Differentiate between electron pair and
molecular geometry
 Learn how to name electron pair and
molecular geometries for molecules
with up to six electron groups around
the central atom
 Illustrate how electron pair repulsion
affects bond angles
Watch different types of molecules form a
solid, liquid, or gas. Add or remove heat and
watch the phase change. Change the
temperature or volume of a container and see
a pressure-temperature diagram respond in
real time.
The Discovery and Behavior of Antimatter:
Titrations:
Under Pressure:
Learn more about the atomic model and
antimatter!
This virtual manipulative will help you
understand the process of titration, which is a
neutralization reaction that is performed in
order to determine an unknown concentration
of acid and base. With this simulation, you
will be able to calculate the moles of the acid
with the understanding that the moles of acid
will be equal to the moles of base at the
equivalence point.
Explore pressure under and above water. See
how pressure changes as one change fluids,
gravity, container shapes, and volume.
With this simulation you can:



Investigate how pressure changes in air
and water.
Discover how to change pressure.
Predict pressure in a variety of
situations.
Understanding molecular polarity by changing
the electron-negativity of atoms in a molecule
to see how it affects polarity. See how the
molecule behaves in an electric field. Change
the bond angle to see how shape affects
polarity. See how it works for real molecules
in 3D.
Understanding Polarity:
Water:
Parent Resources
Some learning goals:
•predict bond polarity using electronnegativity values
•indicate polarity with a polar arrow or partial
charges
•rank bonds in order of polarity
•predict molecular polarity using bond
polarity and molecular shape
This tutorial will help the learners to
understand the molecular structure of the
water molecule, its inter- and intra-molecular
bonds, and the formation of hydroxide ions.
Title
A Moment on Dipole-Dipole Forces:
Description
Learn how molecules have the potential to be
polar, but not all are.
How do strong and weak acids differ? Use lab
tools on your computer to find out! Dip the
paper or the probe into solution to measure the
pH, or put in the electrodes to measure the
conductivity. Then see how concentration and
strength affect pH. Can a weak acid solution
have the same pH as a strong acid solution.
Some of the topics to investigate:

Acid-Base Solutions:


Atomic Interactions:
Given acids or bases at the same
concentration, demonstrate
understanding of acid and base
strength by 1. Relating the strength of
an acid or base to the extent to which it
dissociates in water. 2. Identifying all
the molecules and ions that are present
in a given acid or base solution. 3.
Comparing the relative concentrations
of molecules and ions in weak versus
strong acid (or base) solutions. 4.
Describing the similarities and
differences between strong acids and
weak acids or strong bases and weak
bases.
Demonstrate understanding of solution
concentrated by: 1. Describing the
similarities and differences between
concentrated and dilute solutions. 2.
Comparing the concentrations of all
molecules and ions in concentrated
versus dilute solutions of a particular
acid or base.
Describe how common tools (pH
meter, conductivity, pH paper) help
identify whether a solution is an acid
or base and strong or weak and
concentrated or dilute.
In this simulation, explore the interactions
between various combinations of two atoms.
Specific features of the simulation allows you
to see either the total force acting on the atoms
or the individual attractive and repulsive
forces.
Options for learning:



Balancing Act:
Explain how attractive and repulsive
forces govern the interaction between
atoms.
Describe the effect of potential well
depth on atomic interactions.
Describe the process of bonding
between atoms in terms of energy.
This activity allows students to practice
balancing chemical equations. It has three
difficulty levels, and the students can practice
with 5, 10, or 15 questions.
This activity will allow you to practice
balancing a chemical equation. You will have
to make sure you are following the law of
conservation of mass and recognize what can
change to balance an equation.
You can:


Balancing Chemical Equations:


Balance a chemical equation.
Recognize that the number of atoms of
each element is conserved in a
chemical reaction.
Describe the difference between
coefficients and subscripts in a
chemical equation.
Translate from symbolic to molecular
representation.
An assessment activity is included below.
Click to Run
This activity will allow you to make colorful
concentrated and dilute solutions and explore
how much light they absorb and transmit
using a virtual spectrophotometer.
You can explore concepts in many ways
including:


Beer's Law Lab:





Describe the relationships between
volume and amount of solute to
solution concentration.
Explain qualitatively the relationship
between solution color and
concentration.
Predict and explain how solution
concentration will change for adding
or removing: water, solute, and/or
solution.
Calculate the concentration of
solutions in units of molarity (mol/L).
Design a procedure for creating a
solution of a given concentration.
Identify when a solution is saturated
and predict how concentration will
change for adding or removing: water,
solute, and/or solution.
Describe the relationship between the
solution concentration and the


Climate Connections Global Warming: All
about Carbon:
Compounds, Molecules and the Mole:
Concentration:
intensity of light that is
absorbed/transmitted.
Describe the relationship between
absorbance, molar absorptivity, path
length, and concentration in Beer's
Law.
Predict how the intensity of light
absorbed/transmitted will change with
changes in solution type, solution
concentration, container width, or light
source and explain why?
This is a video series that explains
(introduces) properties of the carbon atom and
parts of the carbon cycle. The video is
entertaining and highly relevant for content.
The relationship of numbers of particles on the
atomic scale to measurements made on the
bulk scale uses the concept of the mole.
Using this simulation, the learner will be able
to explore the relationship between mass,
moles, molecules and atoms.
 Explain the concept of concentration
 Explain the effect of concentration
changes on colors of solutions
 Demonstrate the effect of changing the
amount of solute, or solvent, or both
on the concentration of the solution
 Identify a saturated solution
This simulation will provide the learners with
a chance to increase their understanding of a
molecular shape. The learners will be required
to follow a "Lewis dot structure" which
involves two basic principles:
Create Molecular Shape:
1. The shapes of the molecule is
determined by the repulsion between
electron pairs in the outer shell of the
central atom. Both bond pairs and lone
pairs must be considered.
2. Lone pairs repel more than bond pairs.
DIY Cabbage Juice pH Indicator:
Electron Configurations:
Listen to this chemist describe a simple pH
indicator experiment using foods and
household chemicals.
The electron configuration of an atom is the
representation of the arrangement of electrons
that are distributed among the orbital shells
and subshells. The simulated activity will help
the learners practice the arrangement of the
electrons. The learners will be required to
follow rules in order to correctly divide the
electrons in the orbitals based on the valency
of the atom.
Students will pump gas molecules to a box
and see what happens as they change the
volume, add or remove heat, change gravity,
and more. Measure the temperature and
pressure, and discover how the properties of
the gas vary in relation to each other.

Gas Properties:


Halogens, Halides, and Redox Reactions:
Limiting Reactants:
Students can predict how changing a
variable among pressure, volume,
temperature and number influences
other gas properties.
Students can predict how changing
temperature will affect the speed of
molecules.
Students can rank the speed of
molecules in thermal equilibrium
based on the relative masses of
molecules.
A National Board Certified Teacher and
Presidential Awardee for outstanding math
and science teaching demonstrates a hands-on
laboratory activity series to see which
halogen/halide combinations will result in
redox reactions.
This virtual manipulative will help the
learners to recognize the limiting reactant
effect in a reaction. Limiting reactants can be
explained from the extent to which reactions
that involve more than one reactant can
Making Charcoal:
pH Scale:
Physical and Chemical Changes in Food :
Precipitation Reaction Systems:
Properties and Structures of Subatomic
Particles:
Recognizing Redox Reactions:
Rutherford Scattering:
produce products depends on the quantities of
those reactants combined. In most cases, one
reactant will be totally consumed while the
other reactants remain in excess.
Get sooted up and join a collier as he
discusses charcoal production at historic
Mission San Luis.
Keep an eye on pH as you learn about what
makes acids and bases.
Don't overreact when this chemist describes
physical and chemical changes that you can
observe in your own kitchen!
Precipitation reactions occur when cations and
anions of aqueous solutions combine to form
an insoluble ionic solid, called a precipitate.
This simulation explores systems for which
precipitation reactions are possible.A
precipitation reaction is controlled by the
magnitude of the solubility product, solubility
product constant and the concentrations of the
ions in solution.
Do you know everything about protons? Are
you positive?
Chemistry is pretty sweet. Also tasty if you
understand oxidation and reduction reactions,
but it may take a little MacGyvering.
This virtual manipulative will help
you investigate how Rutherford figured out
the structure of the atom without being able to
see it. This simulation will allow the you to
explore the famous experiment in which
Rutherford disproved the Plum Pudding model
of the atom by observing alpha particles
bouncing off atoms and determining that they
must have a small core.
Further explorations of the tutorial could
include:


Describe the qualitative difference
between scattering off positively
charged nuclei and electrically neutral
plum pudding atoms.
For a charged nucleus, describe
qualitatively how angle of deflection
depends on: energy of incoming
particle, impact parameters, and charge
of target.
See the Four States of Matter in Welding!:
Shapes of Molecules:
The Briggs-Rauscher Reaction is a Redox
Reaction in Action!:
The Discovery and Behavior of Antimatter:
Titrations:
Under Pressure:
A welder wields a plasma torch to cut solid
metal like a hot knife through butter. It's onestop shopping to see all four states of matter.
 Differentiate between electron pair and
molecular geometry
 Learn how to name electron pair and
molecular geometries for molecules
with up to six electron groups around
the central atom
 Illustrate how electron pair repulsion
affects bond angles
Orange. Blue. Wait, orange. No, wait, blue.
Chemistry!
Learn more about the atomic model and
antimatter!
This virtual manipulative will help you
understand the process of titration, which is a
neutralization reaction that is performed in
order to determine an unknown concentration
of acid and base. With this simulation, you
will be able to calculate the moles of the acid
with the understanding that the moles of acid
will be equal to the moles of base at the
equivalence point.
Explore pressure under and above water. See
how pressure changes as one change fluids,
gravity, container shapes, and volume.
With this simulation you can:



Understanding Polarity:
Investigate how pressure changes in air
and water.
Discover how to change pressure.
Predict pressure in a variety of
situations.
Understanding molecular polarity by changing
the electron-negativity of atoms in a molecule
to see how it affects polarity. See how the
molecule behaves in an electric field. Change
the bond angle to see how shape affects
polarity. See how it works for real molecules
in 3D.
Water:
Some learning goals:
•predict bond polarity using electronnegativity values
•indicate polarity with a polar arrow or partial
charges
•rank bonds in order of polarity
•predict molecular polarity using bond
polarity and molecular shape
This tutorial will help the learners to
understand the molecular structure of the
water molecule, its inter- and intra-molecular
bonds, and the formation of hydroxide ions.