Survey
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Focus Question 1. . Explain the water cycle. Be sure to use the words; * evaporation * condensation * precipitation * transpiration 2. How does infiltration occur? 3. Draw and describe how the sun’s energy (radiation) travel to Earth and what happens to it after it arrives at Earth. Hydrosphere Detailed Explanation Real World Example: Draw a Picture(caption) or Write in Words Another name for the water cycle is: HYDROLOGIC CYCLE WATER VAPOR ENTERS THE ATMOSPHERE THROUGH EVAPORATION (LIQUID CHANGING INTO A GAS) AND TRANSPIRATION (PLANTS RELEASING WATER VAPOR). IT RISES IN THE ATMOSPHERE, AND COOLS. CLOUDS FORM AROUND DUST AND OTHER AIR PARTICLES WHICH IS CONDENSATION (GAS CHANGING INTO A LIQUID). ONCE ENOUGH WATER DROPLETS ACCUMULATE, GRAVITY PULLS THEM TO THE GROUND (PRECIPITATION). WHEN RAIN SEEPS THROUGH THE SOIL AND EVENTUALLY JOINS A STREAM OR BECOMES GROUND WATER. THE SUN SENDS ENERGY TO THE EARTH IN THE FORM OF RADIATION / LIGHT, AND IT IS CHANGED INTO THERMAL ENERGY SOME OF WHICH IS ABSORDED BY LAND AND OCEANS. THIS ENERGY TRANSFER IS DONE WITHOUT CONTACT WHICH IS WHY IT IS RADIATION AND NOT CONDUCTION. I WATER MY LAWN AND THE WATER RUNS THROUGH THE SOIL INTO THE CLINTON RIVER WATER SHED. 4. Describe the process of conduction, and how it relates to atmospheric heating. THE TRANSFER OF HEAT ENEGRY THROUGH DIRECT CONTACT. CONDUCTION RELATES TO ATMOSPHERIC HEATING BY THE WARMED EARTH (LAND AND WATER) TRANSFERRING ITS HEAT TO THE AIR IT COMES IN CONTACT WITH. Add because it is on test, but not study guide. 5. Describe what convection is. What are two examples of convection. 6. Describe how clouds are formed. THE TRANSFER OF HEAT ENERGY THROUGH LIQUIDS AND GASES BY MOVING PARTICLES. CONVECTION CURRENTS MOVE WARMER AIR THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE AND WARMER WATER THROUGH THE OCEANS. THE WARM AIR BECOMES LESS DENSE AND RISES, COOLS AS IT MOVES AWAY FROM THE EARTH’S SURFACE AND SINKS BACK DOWN. OCEAN AND AIR CURRENTS ARE BOTH EXAMPLES OF THIS WATER CHANGES STATE THROUGH EVAPORATION. WATER VAPOR RISES AND COOLS AND CONDENSES AROUND DUST AND OTHER PARTICLES. 7. Explain what a watershed is.. What is our local watershed? 8. What happens to the size of a water shed as more streams and rivers join it? A WATERSHED IS THE AREA OF LAND THAT IS DRAINED BY A WATER SYSTEM. BOTH THE SURFACE AND GROUND WATER IN THE AREAS DRAIN INTO A BODY OF WATER. OUR LOCAL WATERSHED IS THE: CLINTON RIVER WATERSHED STREAMS AND RIVERS THAT JOIN ANOTHER RIVER BECOME A LARGER WATERSHED. AS THE BRANCHES OF THE CLINTON RIVER COME TOGETHER AND FORM LAKE ST. CLAIR, LAKE ST. CLAIR IS THE LARGER WATER SHED. 9. Explain how a rise or ridges (like the Continental Divide) affects watersheds. A RISE OR RIDGE LIKE THE CONTINENTAL DIVIDE SEPARATE WATERSHEDS. THE CONTINENTAL DIVIDE SEPARATES WATERSHEDS THAT FLOW INTO THE ATLANTIC OCEAN FROM THOSE THAT FLOW INTO THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 10. Describe three causes and effects of water pollution. 1. CAUSE: ACID RAIN EFFECT: CHANGES WATER PH-BALANCE. 2. CAUSE: FERTILIZER RUNOFF EFFECT: CHANGES WATER CHEMISTRY AND ANIMALS. 3. CAUSE: OIL SPILLS EFFECT: CHANGES SURFACE WATER AND ORGANISMS THAT LIVE THERE. 1. THE STATUES IN WASHINGTON DC ARE DETERIORATING DUE TO ACID RAIN. 2. PEOPLE WHO LIVE ON A LAKE AND SPRAY THEIR LAWN WITH FERTILIZER AND IT RUNS INTO THE LAKE. HOUGHTON LAKE HAD MILFOIL PLANT GROWING OUT OF CONTROL BECAUSE OF ALL THE FERTILIZER IN THE LAKE. 3. GULF OIL SPILL 11. Describe the cause and effects of land pollution. 12. Describe the cause and effects of air pollution. 13. Describe the atmosphere as a mixture of gases. 1. CAUSE: LANDFILLS EFFECTS: DESTRUCTION OF HABITAT, HARMFUL TO ANIMALS, LOSS OF USABLE LAND 2. CAUSE: DEFORESTATION EFFECTS: LOSS OF HABITAT, SOIL EROSION, CLIMATE CHANGES, SURVIVAL OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS. 3. CAUSE: SURFACE MINING EFFECTS: LOSS OF HABITAT, DEPLETES EARTH OF NATURAL RESOURCES 1. CAUSE: AUTOMOBILES, FUEL CONSUMPTION EFFFCT: DAMAGES PLANTS AND CAUSES HEALTH PROBLEMS IN ANIMALS. 2. CAUSE: INDUSTRY AND BUILDINGS, COAL-BURNING POWER PLANTS, BURNING FOSSIL FUELS (ANYTHING THAT RUNS ON GAS, OIL OR COAL), EFFECT: POLLUTION AND HEALTH PROBLEMS WITH PEOPLE THAT LIVE NEAR BY. 3. CAUSE:AEROSOL PRODUCTS. EFFECTS: LOSS OF HABITAT WHEN PLANTS ARE DESTROYED CAUSES SOME SPECIES TO BECOME ENDANGERED. 1. THE CONSTRUCTION OF EAGLE VALLEY LANDFILL. THE ANIMALS HAVE TO RELOCATE OUT OF THE AREA. 2. IN SOUTH AMERICA THEY ARE CUTTING DOWN THE RAINFOREST AND ANIMALS ARE BECOMING ENDANGERED AS A RESULT. 3. THE AREAS IN THE U.P. THAT MINE COPPER. THE ATMOSPHERE IS COMPOSED MAINLY OF NITROGEN, WITH LESSER AMOUNTS OF OXYGEN, AND A VERY SMALL AMOUNT OF OTHER TRACE GASES. Draw and label a pie chart. (Page 4 in book Weather & Climate) 1. DRIVING MY CAR ADDS CARBON EMISSIONS TO THE AIR 2. THE PLANTS DOWN RIVER ON I75 ADD EMISSION TO THE AIR AND SMELLS REALLY BAD. 3. CFC IS STILL EATING OUR OZONE FROM AEROSOL CANS USED IN THE SEVENTIES. 14. Describe how the temperature, density and air pressure changes with elevation in the troposphere. TEMPERATURE: AT HIGHER ELEVATIONS THE AIR TEMPERATURE IS GENERALLY COLDER IN THE TROPOSPHERE. DENSITY: DECREASES AS ALTITUDE INCREASES.FOR EXAMPLE-THE NUMBER OF OXYGEN MOLECULES PER BREATH IS LESS ON A MOUNTAIN THAN AT SEA LEVEL AIR PRESSURE: AS ALTITUDE INCREASES AIR PRESSURE DECREASES SINCE THE AIR GETS THINNER AS ELEVATION INCREASE IN THE TROPOSPHERE. 15. List and describe features of the atmosphere as you move away from the earth’s surface. TROPOSPHERE-THE LOWEST LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE. IT CONTAINS ALMOST 90% OF THE ATMOSPHERE’S TOTAL MASS! ALMOST ALL OF THE EARTH’S CARBON DIOXIDE, WATER VAPOR, CLOUDS, AIR POLLUTION, WEATHER, AND LIFE-FORMS ARE IN THE TROPOSPHERE. WEATHER OCCURS HERE. STRATOSOPHERE-THE ATMOSPHERIC LAYER ABOVE THE TROPOSPHERE. ALMOST ALL OF THE OZONE IN THE STRATOSPHERE IS CONTAINED IN THE OZONE LAYER. MESOSPHERE-ABOVE THE STRATOSPHERE IS THE MESOSPHERE. THE MIDDLE LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE. IT IS ALSO THE COLDEST LAYER. THERMOSPHERE-THE UPPERMOST ATMOSPHERIC LAYER. IN THE THERMOSPHERE, TEMPERATURE AGAIN INCREASES WITH ALTITUDE. IONOSPHERE-IN THE UPPER MESOSPHERE AND THE LOWER THERMOSPHERE. NITROGEN AND OXYGEN ATOMS ABSORB HARMFUL SOLAR ENERGY. THESE IONS RADIATE ENERGY AS SHIMMERING LIGHTS CALLED AURORAS. EXOSPHERE: WHERE ATMOSPHERE AND SPACE BLEND. 16. Describe how much air temperature affects how much water vapor it can hold. COOL AIR HOLDS LESS WATER VAPOR THAN WARM AIR. COLD AIR MOLECULES ARE CLOSER TOGETHER AND THERE IS LESS ROOM. A COOL AIR MASS WILL FILL UP QUICKLY WITH PRECIPITATION AND WILL EMPTY OUT (IN THE FORM OF RAIN OR SNOW). WARM AIR MASSES HAVE PARTICLES THAT ARE FARTHER APART. THERE IS MORE ROOM IN A WARM AIR MASS AND WILL TAKE MORE WATER VAPOR TO FILL IT UP. THE AIR MIGHT FEEL HUMID BECAUSE THERE IS MORE WATER IN THE AIR. 17. Describe what wind is and how it moves WIND IS THE MOVEMENT OF AIR FROM AREAS OF HIGH PRESSURE TO AREAS OF LOW PRESSURE. THE PRESSURE DIFFERENCES ARE CAUSED BY THE 18. Describe how the sun causes winds SUN’S UNEVEN HEATING OF THE EARTHS SURFACE. 19. Explain the corolis effect and how it influences winds. THE COROLIS EFFECT OCCURS BECAUSE OF THE EARTH’S ROTATION. IT CAUSES THE WIND TO CURVE TO THE RIGHT IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE 20. State how much 70% OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE IS OCEAN of the Earth’s surface is ocean. IF THE TEMPERATURE DROPS ON A WARM HUMID DAY, THEN IT RAINS BECAUSE COLD AIR CANNOT HOLD AS MUCH WATER VAPOR. AIR HEATS UP AT THE DOLDRUMS (EQUATOR) AND MOVE TOWARD THE POLES WHERE IT COOLS AND SINKS. PILOTS HAVE TO ADJUST THEIR FLIGHT PATH WHEN THEY TRAVEL FROM DETROIT TO MIAMI. 21. Describe what an ocean current is. OCEAN CURRENTS ARE MOVEMENTS OF OCEAN WATER DUE TO THE UNEVEN HEATING OF THE WATER-AND THE DIFFERENT DENSITIES OF THE OCEAN WATERS. 22. Describe how living next to an ocean influence the climate. OCEANS ABSORB A LOT OF HEAT ENERGY WHICH KEEPS THE CLIMATE MORE CONSTANT. WHEREAS INLAND, LAND HEATS UP AND COOLS DOWN MORE QUICKLY MAKING THE CLIMATE FLUCTUATE MORE. 23. Draw and Describe land and sea breezes. BREEZES OCCUR LOCALLY DUE TO THE DIFFERENCES IN HEAT CAPACITY (ABILITY TO HOLD HEAT) OF SAND AND WATER. 24. Compare and Contrast weather and climate. WEATHER: IS THE MIX OF EVENTS THAT HAPPEN EACH DAY IN THE ATMOSPHERE- INCLUDING TEMPERATURE, RAINFALL AND HUMIDITY. CLIMATE: IS THE AVERAGE WEATHER PATTERN IN A PLACE OVER MANY YEARS. IT’S USEFUL FOR WEATHER FORECASTING. IF YOU LIVED BY AN OCEAN, YOUR CLIMATE IS MILDER AND MOISTER THAN IF YOU LIVE INLAND. IN THE WINTER SEATTLE HAS MILDER WEATHER THAN MONTANA WHICH HAS COLD HARSH WEATHER. TODAY’S WEATHER IS 70 AND RAINY. MICHIGAN’S CLIMATE IS COLD, SNOWY WINTERS AND WARM HUMID SUMMERS. 25. Describe what causes weather. WEATHER IS DUE TO THE MOTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE FROM THE SUN’S UNEVEN HEATING OF THE EARTH. ( AIR MASSES COME INTO CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER- CAUSING CHANGING WEATHER) 26. Describe how the Earth’s tilted axis influences our climate. THE EARTH GETS THE SAME AMOUNT OF LIGHT EACH DAY, BUT SINCE THE EARTH IS TILTED ON ITS AXIS THE LIGHT IS UNEVENLY DIVIDED INTO TWO HEMISPHERES. THE HEMISPHERE THAT IS TILTED TOWARD THE SUN AND IS RECEIVING MORE OF THE DIRECT LIGHT IS EXPERIENCING SUMMER. THE HEMISPHERE THAT IS TILTED AWAY FROM THE SUN IS RECEIVING LESS DIRECT LIGHT IS EXPERIENCING WINTER. 27. Describe what an air mass is and what causes it to move. A HUGE BODY OF AIR THAT HAS SIMILAR TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY AND AIR PRESSURE AT ANY GIVEN HEIGHT IN THE ATMOSPHERE. THE TEMPERATURE CHANGES IN THE AIR MASSES CAUSE THEM TO MOVE IN THE ATMOSPHERE. 28. Describe why DUE TO DIFFERENT DENSITIES OF WARM AND COLD warm air masses and AIR, THEY DO NOT READILY MIX. cold air masses don’t mix. 29. Explain what a front is. A FRONT REFERS TO THE BOUNDARY THAT FORMS BETWEEN WARM AND COLD AIR MASSES. LAST JANUARY THERE WAS WARM WEATHER IN MICHIGAN, THE AIR MASS CAME FROM BAHAMAS. ON A WARM DAY OUR WEATHER COMES FROM A CONTINENTAL TROPICAL AIR MASS. 30. Describe what happens when a warm front moves in and the weather associated with it. 31. Draw and Describe what happens when a cold front moves in. 32. Draw and Describe what happens at stationary front. 33. Draw and Describe what happens at an occluded front. Describe WARM AIR SLOW MOVES UP AND OVER THE COLD AIR MASS. Picture Weather: STEADY,LONG- LASTING DRIZZLING RAIN IN THE SUMMER AND SNOW FLURRIES IN THE WINTER (THIS HAPPENS AHEAD OF THE FRONT.) WARMERWEATHER FOLLOWS. Weather BIG THUNDER STORMS IN THE SUMMER AND SNOW FALLS IN THE WINTER (HAPPENS ALONG AND SLIGHTLY BEHIND THE FRONT). COOLER WEATHER FOLLOWS Describe: COLD FRONTS MOVE QUICKLY, BRING THUNDERSTORMS, HEAVY RAIN OR SNOW. BEHIND THE FRONT IS COOLER TEMPS Picture Describe: THE AIR MASSES STAY NEAR EACH OTHER AND BRING MANY DAYS OF CLOUDY WET WEATHER. Picture Weather CLOUDS AND RAIN CAN LAST FOR DAYS. TEMPS ARE UNCHANGING FOR MANY DAYS Describe TWO COLD AIR MASSES TRAP A WARM AIR AND PUSH IT UP. IT BRINGS COOL TEMPS AND LARGE AMOUNTS OF RAIN AND SNOW. Picture Weather COOLER TEMPS AND LARGE AMOUNTS OF RAIN OR SNOW. 34. Explain what a jet stream is and how it influences weather THEY ARE CONCENTRATED HIGH ALTITUDE STREAMS OF FAST MOVING WIND WHICH BLOWS FROM WEST TO EAST ACROSS THE NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN HEMISPHERES. IT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MOVEMENT OF MAJOR WEATHER FEATURES FROM WEST TO EAST ACROSS NORTH AMERICA (AND THE EARTH AS A WHOLE).