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Focus Question
1. . Explain the
water cycle. Be
sure to use the
words;
* evaporation
* condensation
* precipitation
* transpiration
2. How does
infiltration occur?
3. Draw and
describe how the
sun’s energy
(radiation) travel to
Earth and what
happens to it after
it arrives at Earth.
Hydrosphere
Detailed Explanation
Real World Example: Draw a
Picture(caption) or Write in Words
Another name for the water cycle is: HYDROLOGIC
CYCLE
WATER VAPOR ENTERS THE ATMOSPHERE THROUGH
EVAPORATION (LIQUID CHANGING INTO A GAS) AND
TRANSPIRATION (PLANTS RELEASING WATER VAPOR).
IT RISES IN THE ATMOSPHERE, AND COOLS. CLOUDS
FORM AROUND DUST AND OTHER AIR PARTICLES
WHICH IS CONDENSATION (GAS CHANGING INTO A
LIQUID). ONCE ENOUGH WATER DROPLETS
ACCUMULATE, GRAVITY PULLS THEM TO THE GROUND
(PRECIPITATION).
WHEN RAIN SEEPS THROUGH THE SOIL AND
EVENTUALLY JOINS A STREAM OR BECOMES GROUND
WATER.
THE SUN SENDS ENERGY TO THE EARTH IN THE FORM
OF RADIATION / LIGHT, AND IT IS CHANGED INTO
THERMAL ENERGY SOME OF WHICH IS ABSORDED BY
LAND AND OCEANS. THIS ENERGY TRANSFER IS DONE
WITHOUT CONTACT WHICH IS WHY IT IS RADIATION
AND NOT CONDUCTION.
I WATER MY LAWN AND THE WATER
RUNS THROUGH THE SOIL INTO THE
CLINTON RIVER WATER SHED.
4. Describe the
process of
conduction, and how
it relates to
atmospheric
heating.
THE TRANSFER OF HEAT ENEGRY THROUGH DIRECT
CONTACT. CONDUCTION RELATES TO ATMOSPHERIC
HEATING BY THE WARMED EARTH (LAND AND WATER)
TRANSFERRING ITS HEAT TO THE AIR IT COMES IN
CONTACT WITH.
Add because it is on
test, but not study
guide.
5. Describe what
convection is.
What are two
examples of
convection.
6. Describe how
clouds are formed.
THE TRANSFER OF HEAT ENERGY THROUGH LIQUIDS
AND GASES BY MOVING PARTICLES. CONVECTION
CURRENTS MOVE WARMER AIR THROUGH THE
ATMOSPHERE AND WARMER WATER THROUGH THE
OCEANS. THE WARM AIR BECOMES LESS DENSE AND
RISES, COOLS AS IT MOVES AWAY FROM THE EARTH’S
SURFACE AND SINKS BACK DOWN.
OCEAN AND AIR CURRENTS ARE BOTH EXAMPLES OF
THIS
WATER CHANGES STATE THROUGH EVAPORATION.
WATER VAPOR RISES AND COOLS AND CONDENSES
AROUND DUST AND OTHER PARTICLES.
7. Explain what a
watershed is..
What is our local
watershed?
8. What happens to
the size of a water
shed as more
streams and rivers
join it?
A WATERSHED IS THE AREA OF LAND THAT IS
DRAINED BY A WATER SYSTEM. BOTH THE SURFACE
AND GROUND WATER IN THE AREAS DRAIN INTO A
BODY OF WATER.
OUR LOCAL WATERSHED IS THE: CLINTON RIVER
WATERSHED
STREAMS AND RIVERS THAT JOIN ANOTHER RIVER
BECOME A LARGER WATERSHED. AS THE BRANCHES OF
THE CLINTON RIVER COME TOGETHER AND FORM LAKE
ST. CLAIR, LAKE ST. CLAIR IS THE LARGER WATER
SHED.
9. Explain how a
rise or ridges (like
the Continental
Divide) affects
watersheds.
A RISE OR RIDGE LIKE THE CONTINENTAL DIVIDE
SEPARATE WATERSHEDS. THE CONTINENTAL DIVIDE
SEPARATES WATERSHEDS THAT FLOW INTO THE
ATLANTIC OCEAN FROM THOSE THAT FLOW INTO THE
PACIFIC OCEAN.
10. Describe three
causes and effects
of water pollution.
1. CAUSE: ACID RAIN
EFFECT: CHANGES WATER PH-BALANCE.
2. CAUSE: FERTILIZER RUNOFF
EFFECT: CHANGES WATER CHEMISTRY AND ANIMALS.
3. CAUSE: OIL SPILLS
EFFECT: CHANGES SURFACE WATER AND ORGANISMS
THAT LIVE THERE.
1. THE STATUES IN WASHINGTON DC
ARE DETERIORATING DUE TO ACID
RAIN.
2. PEOPLE WHO LIVE ON A LAKE AND
SPRAY THEIR LAWN WITH FERTILIZER
AND IT RUNS INTO THE LAKE.
HOUGHTON LAKE HAD MILFOIL PLANT
GROWING OUT OF CONTROL BECAUSE
OF ALL THE FERTILIZER IN THE LAKE.
3. GULF OIL SPILL
11. Describe the
cause and effects
of land pollution.
12. Describe the
cause and effects
of air pollution.
13. Describe the
atmosphere as a
mixture of gases.
1. CAUSE: LANDFILLS
EFFECTS: DESTRUCTION OF HABITAT, HARMFUL TO
ANIMALS, LOSS OF USABLE LAND
2. CAUSE: DEFORESTATION
EFFECTS: LOSS OF HABITAT, SOIL EROSION,
CLIMATE CHANGES, SURVIVAL OF PLANTS AND
ANIMALS.
3. CAUSE: SURFACE MINING
EFFECTS: LOSS OF HABITAT, DEPLETES EARTH OF
NATURAL RESOURCES
1. CAUSE: AUTOMOBILES, FUEL CONSUMPTION
EFFFCT: DAMAGES PLANTS AND CAUSES HEALTH
PROBLEMS IN ANIMALS.
2. CAUSE: INDUSTRY AND BUILDINGS, COAL-BURNING
POWER PLANTS, BURNING FOSSIL FUELS (ANYTHING
THAT RUNS ON GAS, OIL OR COAL),
EFFECT: POLLUTION AND HEALTH PROBLEMS WITH
PEOPLE THAT LIVE NEAR BY.
3. CAUSE:AEROSOL PRODUCTS.
EFFECTS: LOSS OF HABITAT WHEN PLANTS ARE
DESTROYED CAUSES SOME SPECIES TO BECOME
ENDANGERED.
1. THE CONSTRUCTION OF EAGLE
VALLEY LANDFILL. THE ANIMALS HAVE
TO RELOCATE OUT OF THE AREA.
2. IN SOUTH AMERICA THEY ARE
CUTTING DOWN THE RAINFOREST AND
ANIMALS ARE BECOMING ENDANGERED
AS A RESULT.
3. THE AREAS IN THE U.P. THAT MINE
COPPER.
THE ATMOSPHERE IS COMPOSED MAINLY OF
NITROGEN, WITH LESSER AMOUNTS OF OXYGEN, AND
A VERY SMALL AMOUNT OF OTHER TRACE GASES.
Draw and label a pie chart. (Page 4 in book
Weather & Climate)
1.
DRIVING MY CAR ADDS CARBON
EMISSIONS TO THE AIR
2. THE PLANTS DOWN RIVER ON I75
ADD EMISSION TO THE AIR AND
SMELLS REALLY BAD.
3. CFC IS STILL EATING OUR OZONE
FROM AEROSOL CANS USED IN THE
SEVENTIES.
14. Describe how
the temperature,
density and air
pressure changes
with elevation in the
troposphere.
TEMPERATURE: AT HIGHER ELEVATIONS THE AIR
TEMPERATURE IS GENERALLY COLDER IN THE
TROPOSPHERE.
DENSITY: DECREASES AS ALTITUDE INCREASES.FOR
EXAMPLE-THE NUMBER OF OXYGEN MOLECULES PER
BREATH IS LESS ON A MOUNTAIN THAN AT SEA LEVEL
AIR PRESSURE: AS ALTITUDE INCREASES AIR
PRESSURE DECREASES SINCE THE AIR GETS THINNER
AS ELEVATION INCREASE IN THE TROPOSPHERE.
15. List and describe
features of the
atmosphere as you
move away from the
earth’s surface.
TROPOSPHERE-THE LOWEST LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE.
IT CONTAINS ALMOST 90% OF THE ATMOSPHERE’S TOTAL
MASS! ALMOST ALL OF THE EARTH’S CARBON DIOXIDE,
WATER VAPOR, CLOUDS, AIR POLLUTION, WEATHER, AND
LIFE-FORMS ARE IN THE TROPOSPHERE. WEATHER OCCURS
HERE.
STRATOSOPHERE-THE ATMOSPHERIC LAYER ABOVE THE
TROPOSPHERE. ALMOST ALL OF THE OZONE IN THE
STRATOSPHERE IS CONTAINED IN THE OZONE LAYER.
MESOSPHERE-ABOVE THE STRATOSPHERE IS THE
MESOSPHERE. THE MIDDLE LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE. IT
IS ALSO THE COLDEST LAYER.
THERMOSPHERE-THE UPPERMOST ATMOSPHERIC LAYER. IN
THE THERMOSPHERE, TEMPERATURE AGAIN INCREASES
WITH ALTITUDE.
IONOSPHERE-IN THE UPPER MESOSPHERE AND THE LOWER
THERMOSPHERE. NITROGEN AND OXYGEN ATOMS ABSORB
HARMFUL SOLAR ENERGY. THESE IONS RADIATE ENERGY
AS SHIMMERING LIGHTS CALLED AURORAS.
EXOSPHERE: WHERE ATMOSPHERE AND SPACE BLEND.
16. Describe how
much air
temperature
affects how much
water vapor it can
hold.
COOL AIR HOLDS LESS WATER VAPOR THAN WARM
AIR. COLD AIR MOLECULES ARE CLOSER TOGETHER
AND THERE IS LESS ROOM. A COOL AIR MASS WILL
FILL UP QUICKLY WITH PRECIPITATION AND WILL
EMPTY OUT (IN THE FORM OF RAIN OR SNOW). WARM
AIR MASSES HAVE PARTICLES THAT ARE FARTHER
APART. THERE IS MORE ROOM IN A WARM AIR MASS
AND WILL TAKE MORE WATER VAPOR TO FILL IT UP.
THE AIR MIGHT FEEL HUMID BECAUSE THERE IS MORE
WATER IN THE AIR.
17. Describe what
wind is and how it
moves
WIND IS THE MOVEMENT OF AIR FROM AREAS OF
HIGH PRESSURE TO AREAS OF LOW PRESSURE.
THE PRESSURE DIFFERENCES ARE CAUSED BY THE
18. Describe how
the sun causes winds SUN’S UNEVEN HEATING OF THE EARTHS SURFACE.
19. Explain the
corolis effect and
how it influences
winds.
THE COROLIS EFFECT OCCURS BECAUSE OF THE
EARTH’S ROTATION. IT CAUSES THE WIND TO CURVE
TO THE RIGHT IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE
20. State how much 70% OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE IS OCEAN
of the Earth’s
surface is ocean.
IF THE TEMPERATURE DROPS ON A
WARM HUMID DAY, THEN IT RAINS
BECAUSE COLD AIR CANNOT HOLD AS
MUCH WATER VAPOR.
AIR HEATS UP AT THE DOLDRUMS
(EQUATOR) AND MOVE TOWARD THE
POLES WHERE IT COOLS AND SINKS.
PILOTS HAVE TO ADJUST
THEIR FLIGHT PATH WHEN THEY
TRAVEL FROM DETROIT TO MIAMI.
21. Describe what
an ocean current is.
OCEAN CURRENTS ARE MOVEMENTS OF OCEAN WATER
DUE TO THE UNEVEN HEATING OF THE WATER-AND THE DIFFERENT DENSITIES OF THE OCEAN
WATERS.
22. Describe how
living next to an
ocean influence the
climate.
OCEANS ABSORB A LOT OF HEAT ENERGY WHICH
KEEPS THE CLIMATE MORE CONSTANT. WHEREAS
INLAND, LAND HEATS UP AND COOLS DOWN MORE
QUICKLY MAKING THE CLIMATE FLUCTUATE MORE.
23. Draw and
Describe land and
sea breezes.
BREEZES OCCUR LOCALLY DUE TO THE DIFFERENCES
IN HEAT CAPACITY (ABILITY TO HOLD HEAT) OF
SAND AND WATER.
24. Compare and
Contrast weather
and climate.
WEATHER: IS THE MIX OF EVENTS THAT HAPPEN
EACH DAY IN THE ATMOSPHERE- INCLUDING
TEMPERATURE, RAINFALL AND HUMIDITY.
CLIMATE: IS THE AVERAGE WEATHER PATTERN IN
A PLACE OVER MANY YEARS. IT’S USEFUL FOR
WEATHER FORECASTING.
IF YOU LIVED BY AN OCEAN, YOUR
CLIMATE IS MILDER AND MOISTER
THAN IF YOU LIVE INLAND. IN THE
WINTER SEATTLE HAS MILDER
WEATHER THAN MONTANA WHICH HAS
COLD HARSH WEATHER.
TODAY’S WEATHER IS 70 AND RAINY.
MICHIGAN’S CLIMATE IS COLD, SNOWY
WINTERS AND WARM HUMID SUMMERS.
25. Describe what
causes weather.
WEATHER IS DUE TO THE MOTION OF THE
ATMOSPHERE FROM THE SUN’S UNEVEN HEATING OF
THE EARTH. ( AIR MASSES COME INTO CONTACT
WITH EACH OTHER- CAUSING CHANGING WEATHER)
26. Describe how
the Earth’s tilted
axis influences our
climate.
THE EARTH GETS THE SAME AMOUNT OF LIGHT EACH
DAY, BUT SINCE THE EARTH IS TILTED ON ITS AXIS
THE LIGHT IS UNEVENLY DIVIDED INTO TWO
HEMISPHERES. THE HEMISPHERE THAT IS TILTED
TOWARD THE SUN AND IS RECEIVING MORE OF THE
DIRECT LIGHT IS EXPERIENCING SUMMER. THE
HEMISPHERE THAT IS TILTED AWAY FROM THE SUN
IS RECEIVING LESS DIRECT LIGHT IS EXPERIENCING
WINTER.
27. Describe what
an air mass is and
what causes it to
move.
A HUGE BODY OF AIR THAT HAS SIMILAR
TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY AND AIR PRESSURE AT
ANY GIVEN HEIGHT IN THE ATMOSPHERE. THE
TEMPERATURE CHANGES IN THE AIR MASSES CAUSE
THEM TO MOVE IN THE ATMOSPHERE.
28. Describe why
DUE TO DIFFERENT DENSITIES OF WARM AND COLD
warm air masses and AIR, THEY DO NOT READILY MIX.
cold air masses don’t
mix.
29. Explain what a
front is.
A FRONT REFERS TO THE BOUNDARY THAT FORMS
BETWEEN WARM AND COLD AIR MASSES.
LAST JANUARY THERE WAS WARM
WEATHER IN MICHIGAN, THE AIR MASS
CAME FROM BAHAMAS.
ON A WARM DAY OUR WEATHER COMES
FROM A CONTINENTAL TROPICAL AIR
MASS.
30. Describe what
happens when a
warm front moves in
and the weather
associated with it.
31. Draw and
Describe what
happens when a cold
front moves in.
32. Draw and
Describe what
happens at
stationary front.
33. Draw and
Describe what
happens at an
occluded front.
Describe
WARM AIR SLOW MOVES UP
AND OVER THE COLD AIR MASS.
Picture
Weather:
STEADY,LONG- LASTING
DRIZZLING RAIN IN THE
SUMMER AND
SNOW FLURRIES IN THE
WINTER
(THIS
HAPPENS
AHEAD OF THE FRONT.)
WARMERWEATHER
FOLLOWS.
Weather
BIG THUNDER STORMS IN
THE SUMMER AND SNOW
FALLS IN THE WINTER
(HAPPENS ALONG AND
SLIGHTLY BEHIND THE
FRONT). COOLER WEATHER
FOLLOWS
Describe:
COLD FRONTS MOVE QUICKLY,
BRING THUNDERSTORMS, HEAVY
RAIN OR SNOW. BEHIND THE
FRONT IS COOLER TEMPS
Picture
Describe:
THE AIR MASSES STAY NEAR
EACH OTHER AND BRING MANY
DAYS OF CLOUDY WET
WEATHER.
Picture
Weather
CLOUDS AND RAIN CAN
LAST FOR DAYS. TEMPS ARE
UNCHANGING FOR MANY
DAYS
Describe
TWO COLD AIR MASSES TRAP A
WARM AIR AND PUSH IT UP. IT
BRINGS COOL TEMPS AND LARGE
AMOUNTS OF RAIN AND SNOW.
Picture
Weather
COOLER TEMPS AND LARGE
AMOUNTS OF RAIN OR
SNOW.
34. Explain what a
jet stream is and
how it influences
weather
THEY ARE CONCENTRATED HIGH ALTITUDE STREAMS
OF FAST MOVING WIND WHICH BLOWS FROM WEST
TO EAST ACROSS THE NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN
HEMISPHERES. IT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE
MOVEMENT OF MAJOR WEATHER FEATURES FROM
WEST TO EAST ACROSS NORTH AMERICA (AND THE
EARTH AS A WHOLE).