Download Comprehensive Practice Test EUROPEAN HISTORY 80 Questions

Comprehensive Practice Test
EUROPEAN HISTORY
80 Questions
Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested
answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and then fill in the corresponding
oval on the answer sheet.
1. Which of the following refers to the
Renaissance idea that education should
prepare leaders to be active in
government?
(A) virtú
(B) scholasticism
(C) civic humanism
(D) neo-Platonism
(E) paganism
4. All of the following are considered
“New Monarchs” in early modern
Europe EXCEPT
(A) Henry VII of England
(B) Henry IV of France
(C) Francis I of France
(D) Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
(E) Louis IX of France
5. Which of the following embodied the
Lutheran ideal of a devoted and
companionate spouse?
(A) Artemesia Gentileschi
(B) Mary Tudor
(C) Christine de Pisan
(D) Katerina von Bora
(E) Laura Cereta
2. Which of the following was NOT
persecuted for criticizing or resisting
religious authority?
(A) Michael Servetus
(B) John Hus
(C) Thomas More
(D) William Tyndale
(E) Tomás de Torquemada
6. A difference between the Italian
Renaissance and the Northern
Renaissance was the
(A) emphasis on Church and moral
reform in the Northern Renaissance
(B) near-absence of Church corruption in
Italy during the sixteenth century
(C) rejection by Northern Renaissance
scholars of ancient Greek and
Roman writings
(D) dominance of secularism in the
Northern Renaissance
(E) emphasis on religious paintings in
the Italian Renaissance
3. Holding that a man’s life in a “state of
nature” was “solitary, poor, nasty,
brutish, and short strong,” absolutism as
a means to prevent chaos was advocated
by
(A) Thomas Hobbes
(B) John Locke
(C) Denis Diderot
(D) Baron d’Holbach
(E) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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7. All of the following were Calvinist
groups in the sixteenth century EXCEPT
(A) Dutch Reformed
(B) Presbyterian
(C) Mennonite
(D) Puritan
(E) Huguenot
9. Which of the following was the most
beneficial outcome of the Columbian
Exchange for Europeans by the
eighteenth century?
(A) European investors in tobacco
created vast wealth that was later
used for capital in the industrial
revolution.
(B) The introduction of corn and
potatoes revolutionized the diet of
many Europeans.
(C) The introduction of the horse into
Europe revolutionized
transportation and economic
growth.
(D) New plants introduced to Europe
resulted in medicines that eradicated
the bubonic plague and smallpox.
(E) The inflation caused by gold and
silver imports from Latin America
significantly improved the average
Europeans’ standard of living.
8. The encomienda system used by Spain
in the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries
(A) punished Jewish and Moorish
conversos who were suspected of
secretly practicing their religion.
(B) organized the Spanish Inquisition
after the Catholic Reformation.
(C) financed numerous expeditions to the
New World.
(D) utilized Native American labor to
build infrastructure in the New
World.
(E) discouraged marriages between
Creoles and Native American
women.
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10. Which of the following popes was most
influential in reforming church practices
and reaffirming church doctrine during
the Catholic Reformation?
(A) Alexander VI
(B) Julius II
(C) Leo X
(D) Pius IX
(E) Paul III
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11. “A prince, therefore, being compelled knowingly to adopt the beast, ought to choose the fox
and the lion; because the lion cannot defend himself against snares and the fox cannot defend
himself against wolves. Therefore, it is necessary to be a fox to discover the snares and a lion
to terrify the wolves. Of this endless modern examples could be given, showing how many
treaties and engagements have been made void and of no effect through the faithlessness of
princes; and he who has known best how to employ the fox has succeeded best.”
The above passage was most likely written by
(A) Thomas Aquinas
(B) Thomas More
(C) Erasmus
(D) Niccolo Machiavelli
(E) Pico della Mirandola
12. Which of the following was a major cause of the witch hunts in early modern Europe?
(A) Scientific discoveries that seemed to confirm certain elements of magic and alchemy.
(B) A crisis environment resulting from the religious wars.
(C) Humanistic works that focused on the evils of witchcraft.
(D) Medical advances that discredited “cunning folk” who had allegedly employed
superstition to take advantage of the ill.
(E) Public fears that violent young men who were unmarried constituted a threat to the
existing social order.
13. A major goal of Catherine de Medicis in the late-sixteenth century was
(A) reinstituting her family’s rule over the Republic of Florence.
(B) keeping the Catholic Valois dynasty in control of the French throne.
(C) incorporating Enlightenment ideas in Dutch society.
(D) reestablishing the inquisition in Spain and Italy.
(E) promoting new scientific ideas through state financing.
14. England developed a constitutional government for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
(A) the Stuarts generally rejected the divine right theory of kings.
(B) the Tudor monarchs, lacking a legitimate claim to the throne, had to cooperate with
Parliament.
(C) the English gentry blurred the sharp class distinctions between the nobility and middle
classes that existed elsewhere in Europe.
(D) revolution strengthened the role of Parliament.
(E) a tradition of individual rights served as a basis for constitutionalism.
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15. A limitation of absolutism in eastern
Europe during the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries was the
(A) inability of the monarchs to raise
large armies.
(B) insistence by the middle class for
more political power.
(C) power of the nobility in rural areas.
(D) threats to national security due to
Mongol invasions.
(E) lack of suitable agricultural
production for a growing
population.
19. The Peace of Utrecht (1713)
(A) resulted in the political and
economic collapse of France.
(B) elevated England as the greatest
power in Europe.
(C) marked the beginning of the decline
of the Spanish Empire as a first-rate
power.
(D) ended the expansionist wars of
Louis XIV and restored a balance of
power in Europe.
(E) ended the wars of religion that had
plagued Europe for over onehundred years.
16. The Thirty Years’ War began in
(A) Denmark
(B) Sweden
(C) France
(D) Prussia
(E) Bohemia
20. Which of the following represented a
failed attempt by Catholic forces to
reimpose Catholicism in a Protestant
region?
(A) Battle of Lepanto
(B) Spanish Armada
(C) Battle of Borodino
(D) German Peasant’s War
(E) Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis
17. Which of the following statements best
characterizes Oliver Cromwell’s
leadership in England during the 1650s?
(A) Puritan dictatorship
(B) Absolutism through “divine right”
(C) Democratic republic
(D) Catholic theocracy
(E) Secular autocracy paralleled with a
strong Protestant culture.
21. Which of the following had to fend off
Mongol invasions prior to establishing a
powerful modern state?
(A) Sweden
(B) Muscovy
(C) Holy Roman Empire
(D) Austria
(E) Italy
18. Which of the following was the most
important in developing absolutism and
militarism in Prussian society during the
eighteenth century?
(A) Frederick William I
(B) Leopold II
(C) Charles VI
(D) Frederick William IV
(E) William I
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22. Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania became
independent states as a direct result of
(A) the eighteenth-century partitions of
Poland
(B) the Treaty of Westphalia, 1648
(C) the Great Northern War, 1700-1721
(D) the Congress of Berlin, 1878
(E) the Treaty of Versailles, 1919
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23. Francis I and Cardinal Richelieu of
France were similar in that they
(A) routinely persecuted Protestants.
(B) supported Protestants in Germany
against the Holy Roman Empire.
(C) actively promoted the theory of
“divine right” for kings.
(D) maintained a close military alliance
with England.
(E) aggressively promoted mercantilism.
26. Which of the following laws did Louis
XIV issue in order to eliminate religious
rights for French Calvinists?
(A) Edict of Restitution
(B) Edict of Nantes
(C) Concordat of Bologna
(D) Pragmatic Sanction
(E) Edict of Fountainbleu
27. Which of the following was notable for
building Europe’s finest observatory in
the sixteenth century and leaving behind
vast data related to celestial motion?
(A) Tycho Brahe
(B) Galileo Galilei
(C) Johannes Kepler
(D) Isaac Newton
(E) Nicolaus Copernicus
24. The Act of Union (1707) that created
Great Britain occurred largely because
(A) England’s military power far
exceeded that of Ireland
(B) the Hanoverian kings desired a
stronger union for military defense
(C) Parliament sought greater political
influence in Wales
(D) Scotland sought to benefit from
England’s economic empire
(E) Parliament feared that Catholics
might try to regain the throne after
the last of the Stuarts died
25. Which of the following would have been
a major proponent of bullionism?
(A) Michele de Montaigne
(B) Immanuel Kant
(C) Jean-Baptiste Colbert
(D) Adam Smith
(E) David Ricardo
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28. “When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same
body of magistrates, there can be no liberty; … lest the same monarch or senate should enact
tyrannical laws, to execute them in a tyrannical manner… There is no liberty, if the power of
judging be not separated from the legislative and executive powers. Were it joined with the
legislative, the life and liberty of the subject would be exposed to arbitrary control, for the
judge would then be the legislator. Were it joined to the executive power, the judge might
behave with all the violence of an oppressor.”
Which of the following would most likely have been the author of the above passage?
(A) Oliver Cromwell
(B) Joseph II
(C) Baron de Montesquieu
(D) Jean Bodin
(E) Bishop Bossuet
29. Which of the following statements is true concerning the “diplomatic revolution of 1756”
during the Seven Years’ War?
(A) France and England became allies, breaking with their centuries-old rivalry.
(B) Austria became the most powerful country in Europe.
(C) France and Prussia agreed to attack Great Britain’s interests in the Mediterranean.
(D) France and Austria became allies against Prussia and England.
(E) Russia joined a military alliance against France for the first time in its diplomatic history.
30. The advent of the railroad in the 1820s eventually led to
(A) a rise in shipping costs
(B) a decline of regional and national markets
(C) the growth of the urban working class
(D) government ownership of transportation in England
(E) improvements in the ecology of rural areas
31. Which of the following is NOT considered one of the “Enlightened despots?”
(A) Frederick II
(B) Catherine II
(C) Joseph II
(D) Peter II
(E) Napoleon I
32. Which of the following people best reflected Enlightenment ideals during his lifetime?
(A) Edmund Burke
(B) Thomas Paine
(C) Thomas Hobbes
(D) Klemens von Metternich
(E) Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
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36. Which of the following French political
groups was the most important in
influencing the French Revolutionary
government to declare war against
Austria and Prussia in 1792?
(A) The Committee of Public Safety
(B) The Girondins
(C) The sans culottes
(D) The Mountain
(E) The Directory
37. As a result of the Thermidorian Reaction
during the French Revolutionary era
(A) Napoleon assumed control of the
French government.
(B) Louis XVI was executed.
(C) socialist measures were incorporated
into the French economy.
(D) the Civil Constitution of the Clergy
was abolished.
(E) the Committee of Public Safety was
dissolved.
Arch de triomphe, Paris (1806-1836)
33. The architectural work above is an
example of which of the following
styles?
(A) Renaissance
(B) Neoclassical
(C) Baroque
(D) Gothic revival
(E) Bauhaus
38. Which of the following trends occurred
as a result of Napoleon I’s dominance of
Europe?
(A) The permanent removal throughout
Europe of Old Regime monarchs.
(B) A rise in German nationalism in
many parts of central Europe.
(C) Support of classical liberalism by
Russian tsars in the years following
the Napoleonic Wars.
(D) A relative decline in Britain’s naval
superiority due to energetic naval
programs among Europe’s most
powerful countries.
(E) Economic decline after the war in
western Europe due to the decline in
weapons manufacturing.
34. Which of the following wrote an
influential pamphlet in 1789 that
declared that the Third Estate should
become the sovereign power in France?
(A) Maximilien Robespierre
(B) Denis Diderot
(C) Abbé Sieyès
(D) Georges Danton
(E) Charlotte Corday
35. The Declaration of the Rights of Man
and Citizen (1789) sought to create a
political blueprint for
(A) a democracy incorporating universal
male suffrage
(B) a direct democracy
(C) “Enlightened despotism”
(D) a theocracy
(E) a constitutional monarchy
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39. Which of the following represents an
important component of industrialization
in Continental Europe after 1815?
(A) Crédit Mobilier
(B) The South Sea Bubble
(C) The robot
(D) The cotton gin
(E) The Continental System
43. Which of the following statements
accurately reflects the Romantic
movement of the early nineteenth
century?
(A) They rejected the rationalism of the
Enlightenment.
(B) They believed nationalism
threatened to quash the individual
spirit.
(C) They saw nature as something to be
studied and mastered.
(D) They supported the industrial
revolution.
(E) They supported conservative goals.
40. Which of the following pairs of
countries managed to avoid revolution in
1848-49?
(A) Italy and Poland
(B) Hungary and Bohemia
(C) Great Britain and Russia
(D) The German Confederation and
Austria
(E) France and Prussia
44. Which of the following was a reformer
driven primarily by religious
convictions?
(A) Pierre Proudhon
(B) Jeremy Bentham
(C) William Wilberforce
(D) Marie Curie
(E) Earl Grey
41. All of the following were fundamental
aspects of the Second Industrial
Revolution in late-nineteenth-century
Europe EXCEPT
(A) chemicals
(B) Bessemer process
(C) oil
(D) electricity
(E) aluminum
45. Which of the following represented a
moderately liberal political uprising in
an attempt to replace an outmoded and
ultra-conservative regime?
(A) Decembrist uprising
(B) Peterloo Massacre
(C) Pugachev Rebellion
(D) Paris Commune
(E) Russian pogroms
42. Which of the following statements is
true concerning the Treaty of Paris
(1815)?
(A) The terms of the treaty were
extremely harsh against France.
(B) The treaty largely supported liberal
ideals.
(C) Virtually no territories were
exchanged as a result of the treaty.
(D) Mechanisms for maintaining a
durable balance of power were
implemented.
(E) Prussia emerged as the dominant
power in Europe.
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46. Which of the following sought a
peaceful society and economic equality
through centralized government
planning?
(A) Luddites
(B) Chartists
(C) Anarchists
(D) Utopian socialists
(E) Anti-Corn Law League
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47. Edwin Chadwick’s “sanitary idea” was
most notable for
(A) improving the likelihood that
soldiers would survive their
battlefield wounds
(B) censoring liberal propaganda during
the Concert of Europe
(C) influencing the development of new
sewage systems in towns and cities
(D) reforming poor houses so that they
would encourage thriftier work
habits
(E) reforming prisons so that they would
rehabilitate prisoners rather than
warehouse them
50. A major difference between the art of
the Renaissance and the art of the latenineteenth century was the
(A) rejection of oil paints by realist and
expressionist painters.
(B) relative lack of patronage for latenineteenth century art movements.
(C) lack of perspective in Renaissance
paintings.
(D) rejection of nudity in the art
movements of the late-nineteenth
century.
(E) absence of art academies by the latenineteenth century.
51. Which of the following was the main
“architect” of Italian unification in the
1860s?
(A) Giuseppe Mazzini
(B) Giuseppe Garibaldi
(C) Napoleon III
(D) Vincenzo Gioberti
(E) Camillo Benso di Cavour
48. Which of the following was the most
important reason for marriage in western
and central Europe by 1850?
(A) Economic considerations
(B) Unwanted pregnancies
(C) Arranged marriages
(D) Romantic love
(E) Resistance to authority
52. Bismarck’s program of kulturekampf had
as its primary goal
(A) the destruction of the socialist
movement.
(B) the unification of German states with
the exception of Austria.
(C) the expansion of Germany into
Africa and Asia.
(D) a military alliance with Russia.
(E) the suppression of Catholic political
influence.
49. Which of the following posed the
biggest challenge to traditional religious
groups in the mid-nineteenth century?
(A) The publication of the Syllabus of
Errors by the Roman Catholic
Church
(B) The publication of Rerum Novarum
by Pope Leo XIII
(C) The publication of On the Origin of
Species by Means of Natural
Selection by Charles Darwin
(D) The Christian existentialism of Søren
Kierkegaard
(E) The publication of Thus Spake
Zarathustra by Friedrich Nietzsche
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53. Which of the following would have most
likely supported the socialist revisionism
of Edward Bernstein?
(A) The Social Democratic Party
(S.P.D.)
(B) The First Communist International
(C) The Paris Commune
(D) The Liberal Party in England
(E) The Spartacists
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54. The 1830 July Revolution in France
resulted in the rise of King Louis
Phillipe who was most heavily
influenced by
(A) conservatives
(B) militarists
(C) clergy members
(D) the bourgeoisie
(E) socialists
57. Which of the following statements is
NOT true concerning the Age of Mass
Politics?
(A) Political parties played a smaller role
in politics.
(B) Suffrage had expanded to include
most of the male population.
(C) increased literacy rates resulted in
increased interest among the masses
in political affairs.
(D) Governments became increasingly
involved in alleviating poverty.
(E) Industrial workers demanded a
higher standard of living.
55. Which of the following was an important
influence on the rise of realism in the
nineteenth century?
(A) The development of photography.
(B) The failure of the Revolutions of
1848.
(C) The rising standard of living among
the urban working class.
(D) The enormous popularity of
impressionism.
(E) The nationalist aspirations of the
Young Italy movement.
58. The fastest-growing social class in latenineteenth-century European society was
the
(A) proletariat
(B) upper-middle class
(C) petite bourgeoisie
(D) peasantry
(E) aristocracy
56. A major result of the Crimean War
(1853-1856) was that
(A) Russia now controlled the Danube
region on the Black Sea.
(B) Germany found itself “encircled”
geographically by other Great
Powers.
(C) the Ottoman Empire and Russia
temporarily became allies.
(D) the
Austrian
empire
gained
significant territory in the Balkans.
(E) Russia began a vigorous program of
modernization.
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59. Benjamin Disraeli’s statement that he
was taking a “leap in the dark”
regarding the Reform Bill of 1867
suggests that
(A) he was enthusiastic about reducing
the power of the House of Lords.
(B) he was enthusiastic in his support of
Irish home rule.
(C) he was concerned about the impact
of vastly extending suffrage to most
men.
(D) he was reluctant to take any more
power away from the monarchy.
(E) he favored the increased influence of
socialism in British politics.
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60. Which of the following European
imperialist powers suffered defeat by
Ethiopian forces in the early twentieth
century?
(A) Portugal
(B) Belgium
(C) Germany
(D) France
(E) Italy
64. The most revolutionary development of
the 1890s that improved living
conditions in European urban areas by
the early-twentieth century was the
(A) telephone
(B) automobile
(C) skyscraper
(D) telephone
(E) electric street car
61. Which of the following countries was
the first to institute a social welfare
system in the late-nineteenth century?
(A) Great Britain
(B) France
(C) Russia
(D) Germany
(E) Switzerland
65. The impact of Social Darwinism was
most acutely felt in
(A) rural areas of eastern Europe.
(B) organized religion
(C) European colonies
(D) in the scientific community
(E) pre-industrial working class
communities
62. Which of the following artists best
reflected in his works the psychological
ideas of Sigmund Freud?
(A) Pablo Picasso
(B) Alberto Giacometti
(C) Georges Braque
(D) Henri Matisse
(E) Salvador Dali
66. Which of the following eastern
European groups in the late-nineteenth
century was least likely to return to their
European homeland after emigrating to
non-European regions?
(A) Czechs
(B) Jews
(C) Slovaks
(D) Hungarians
(E) Greeks
63. Which of the following was most
successful in using the political system
and non-militant tactics to gain suffrage
for women in 1918?
(A) John Stuart Mill
(B) Mary Wollestonecraft
(C) Rosa Luxembourg
(D) Emily Davison
(E) Millicent Garrett Fawcett
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67. As a result of the Berlin Conference
(1885)
(A) Russia and Germany signed a nonaggression treaty.
(B) the Great Powers established rules
by which to claim African territory.
(C) the Ottoman Empire was completely
removed from its last Europeanheld provinces.
(D) a series of anti-Jewish pogroms was
instituted throughout much of
eastern Europe.
(E) Great Britain and Germany agreed
to reduce the size of their navies.
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68. Which of the following statements best
reflects China’s relationship with Europe
by 1900?
(A) The Chinese government
enthusiastically incorporated
Western technology and military
training.
(B) China was essentially carved up into
separate colonies, much like Africa
was during the same period.
(C) The Chinese government worked to
achieve free trade with any country
interested in commerce with China.
(D) European nations forcefully
dominated China’s trade and
provided special rights for
Europeans living in China.
(E) China became increasingly isolated
from European influence.
71. All of the following changes occurred as
a result of World War One EXCEPT
(A) increased job opportunities for
women.
(B) greater social equality for Europe’s
working classes.
(C) increased influence of socialist
parties in western Europe.
(D) emergence of radio as a major new
industry.
(E) uninterrupted economic growth in
western Europe during the 1920s.
72. All of the following were provisions of
the Versailles Treaty (1919) EXCEPT
(A) political independence for all
colonies belonging to the Central
Powers.
(B) the creation of the new states of
Finland, Poland and Yugoslavia.
(C) the demilitarization of the Rhineland.
(D) the placement of sole blame for the
war on Germany.
(E) the creation of an international
collective security organization.
69. Which of the following was a notable
critic of European imperialism in the
nineteenth century?
(A) Karl Marx
(B) H. M. Stanley
(C) Matthew Perry
(D) Heinrich von Treitschke
(E) Jules Ferry
73. Which of the following was a result of
the Russian Civil War?
(A) The Provisional Government
emerged as the sovereign power in
Russia.
(B) Russia won back large tracts of land
it had lost due to the Treaty of
Brest-Litovsk
(C) Vladimir Lenin instated Five-Year
Plans to modernize Russia’s
economy.
(D) The Bolshevik program of “war
communism” essentially ruined the
Russian economy.
(E) The Soviet Union was admitted into
the League of Nations.
70. Kaiser Wilhelm II’s “blank check” refers
to which of the following?
(A) Prussia’s desire to unify Germany
by provoking a war with Austria.
(B) The kaiser’s desire to pay off
Chancellor Bismarck in return for
his resignation.
(C) Germany’s unlimited support of
Austria in its war with Serbia in
1914.
(D) The German government’s
willingness to spend large amounts
of money on social welfare.
(E) Germany’s agreement, in principle,
to end World War One by paying
large reparations payments.
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74. The United States officially entered
World War One as a result of
(A) Germany’s invasion of Belgium.
(B) the Russian Revolution.
(C) mutinies in the French army.
(D) the Zimmerman Note.
(E) Germany’s policy of unrestricted
submarine warfare.
76. Which of the following was the most
important reason why Germany agreed
to an armistice to end World War One?
(A) Germany began to suffer major
losses along its Eastern Front and
feared being crushed between two
Allied armies.
(B) The Ottoman Empire failed to
prevent Great Britain’s conquest of
the Black Sea region.
(C) Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points
pointed towards a fair and equitable
peace treaty.
(D) A communist revolution had
overthrown the Kaiser before the
military was able to restore order in
Germany.
(E) Massive air bombings by the Allies
were decimating German cities.
75. “Sweet is the lore which Nature brings;
Our meddling intellect
Mis-shapes the beauteous forms of
things:-We murder to dissect.
Enough of Science and of Art;
Close up those barren leaves;
Come forth, and bring with you a heart
That watches and receives.
The above poem, written by William
Wordsworth, mostly likely embodies
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
77. All of the following are example of postWorld War One pessimism in Europe
EXCEPT
(A) Franz Kafka, The Trial
(B) Erich Maria Remarque, All Quiet on
the Western Front
(C) Oswald Spengler, The Decline of
Western Civilization
(D) Thomas Hardy, Tess of the
d’Ubervilles
(E) T. S. Eliot, “The Wasteland”
the Enlightenment
Romanticism
realism
existentialism
neo-classicism
78. In 1922, France invaded western
Germany and occupied the Ruhr
industrial region in response to
(A) Germany’s withdrawal from the
League of Nations.
(B) Germany’s refusal to pay its
reparations on time.
(C) Hitler’s violation of the Versailles
Treaty through the Beer Hall
Putsch.
(D) U.S. refusal to honor the Dawes
Plan.
(E) Germany’s secret rearmament
program after World War I.
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79. The above map reflects Europe in
(A) 1648
(B) 1713
(C) 1815
(D) 1871
(E) 1914
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Georges Braque, Violin and Candlestick
80. The above painting by Georges Braque is an example of which of the following styles?
(A) Fauvism
(B) Dadaism
(C) Expressionism
(D) Cubism
(E) Dadaism
END OF EXAMINATION
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