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Comprehensive Practice Test EUROPEAN HISTORY 80 Questions Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and then fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. 1. Which of the following refers to the Renaissance idea that education should prepare leaders to be active in government? (A) virtú (B) scholasticism (C) civic humanism (D) neo-Platonism (E) paganism 4. All of the following are considered “New Monarchs” in early modern Europe EXCEPT (A) Henry VII of England (B) Henry IV of France (C) Francis I of France (D) Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain (E) Louis IX of France 5. Which of the following embodied the Lutheran ideal of a devoted and companionate spouse? (A) Artemesia Gentileschi (B) Mary Tudor (C) Christine de Pisan (D) Katerina von Bora (E) Laura Cereta 2. Which of the following was NOT persecuted for criticizing or resisting religious authority? (A) Michael Servetus (B) John Hus (C) Thomas More (D) William Tyndale (E) Tomás de Torquemada 6. A difference between the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance was the (A) emphasis on Church and moral reform in the Northern Renaissance (B) near-absence of Church corruption in Italy during the sixteenth century (C) rejection by Northern Renaissance scholars of ancient Greek and Roman writings (D) dominance of secularism in the Northern Renaissance (E) emphasis on religious paintings in the Italian Renaissance 3. Holding that a man’s life in a “state of nature” was “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short strong,” absolutism as a means to prevent chaos was advocated by (A) Thomas Hobbes (B) John Locke (C) Denis Diderot (D) Baron d’Holbach (E) Jean-Jacques Rousseau © HistorySage.com 2008 -1- GO ON TO NEXT PAGE. 7. All of the following were Calvinist groups in the sixteenth century EXCEPT (A) Dutch Reformed (B) Presbyterian (C) Mennonite (D) Puritan (E) Huguenot 9. Which of the following was the most beneficial outcome of the Columbian Exchange for Europeans by the eighteenth century? (A) European investors in tobacco created vast wealth that was later used for capital in the industrial revolution. (B) The introduction of corn and potatoes revolutionized the diet of many Europeans. (C) The introduction of the horse into Europe revolutionized transportation and economic growth. (D) New plants introduced to Europe resulted in medicines that eradicated the bubonic plague and smallpox. (E) The inflation caused by gold and silver imports from Latin America significantly improved the average Europeans’ standard of living. 8. The encomienda system used by Spain in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (A) punished Jewish and Moorish conversos who were suspected of secretly practicing their religion. (B) organized the Spanish Inquisition after the Catholic Reformation. (C) financed numerous expeditions to the New World. (D) utilized Native American labor to build infrastructure in the New World. (E) discouraged marriages between Creoles and Native American women. © HistorySage.com 2008 10. Which of the following popes was most influential in reforming church practices and reaffirming church doctrine during the Catholic Reformation? (A) Alexander VI (B) Julius II (C) Leo X (D) Pius IX (E) Paul III -2- GO ON TO NEXT PAGE. 11. “A prince, therefore, being compelled knowingly to adopt the beast, ought to choose the fox and the lion; because the lion cannot defend himself against snares and the fox cannot defend himself against wolves. Therefore, it is necessary to be a fox to discover the snares and a lion to terrify the wolves. Of this endless modern examples could be given, showing how many treaties and engagements have been made void and of no effect through the faithlessness of princes; and he who has known best how to employ the fox has succeeded best.” The above passage was most likely written by (A) Thomas Aquinas (B) Thomas More (C) Erasmus (D) Niccolo Machiavelli (E) Pico della Mirandola 12. Which of the following was a major cause of the witch hunts in early modern Europe? (A) Scientific discoveries that seemed to confirm certain elements of magic and alchemy. (B) A crisis environment resulting from the religious wars. (C) Humanistic works that focused on the evils of witchcraft. (D) Medical advances that discredited “cunning folk” who had allegedly employed superstition to take advantage of the ill. (E) Public fears that violent young men who were unmarried constituted a threat to the existing social order. 13. A major goal of Catherine de Medicis in the late-sixteenth century was (A) reinstituting her family’s rule over the Republic of Florence. (B) keeping the Catholic Valois dynasty in control of the French throne. (C) incorporating Enlightenment ideas in Dutch society. (D) reestablishing the inquisition in Spain and Italy. (E) promoting new scientific ideas through state financing. 14. England developed a constitutional government for all of the following reasons EXCEPT (A) the Stuarts generally rejected the divine right theory of kings. (B) the Tudor monarchs, lacking a legitimate claim to the throne, had to cooperate with Parliament. (C) the English gentry blurred the sharp class distinctions between the nobility and middle classes that existed elsewhere in Europe. (D) revolution strengthened the role of Parliament. (E) a tradition of individual rights served as a basis for constitutionalism. © HistorySage.com 2008 -3- GO ON TO NEXT PAGE. 15. A limitation of absolutism in eastern Europe during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was the (A) inability of the monarchs to raise large armies. (B) insistence by the middle class for more political power. (C) power of the nobility in rural areas. (D) threats to national security due to Mongol invasions. (E) lack of suitable agricultural production for a growing population. 19. The Peace of Utrecht (1713) (A) resulted in the political and economic collapse of France. (B) elevated England as the greatest power in Europe. (C) marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Empire as a first-rate power. (D) ended the expansionist wars of Louis XIV and restored a balance of power in Europe. (E) ended the wars of religion that had plagued Europe for over onehundred years. 16. The Thirty Years’ War began in (A) Denmark (B) Sweden (C) France (D) Prussia (E) Bohemia 20. Which of the following represented a failed attempt by Catholic forces to reimpose Catholicism in a Protestant region? (A) Battle of Lepanto (B) Spanish Armada (C) Battle of Borodino (D) German Peasant’s War (E) Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis 17. Which of the following statements best characterizes Oliver Cromwell’s leadership in England during the 1650s? (A) Puritan dictatorship (B) Absolutism through “divine right” (C) Democratic republic (D) Catholic theocracy (E) Secular autocracy paralleled with a strong Protestant culture. 21. Which of the following had to fend off Mongol invasions prior to establishing a powerful modern state? (A) Sweden (B) Muscovy (C) Holy Roman Empire (D) Austria (E) Italy 18. Which of the following was the most important in developing absolutism and militarism in Prussian society during the eighteenth century? (A) Frederick William I (B) Leopold II (C) Charles VI (D) Frederick William IV (E) William I © HistorySage.com 2008 22. Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania became independent states as a direct result of (A) the eighteenth-century partitions of Poland (B) the Treaty of Westphalia, 1648 (C) the Great Northern War, 1700-1721 (D) the Congress of Berlin, 1878 (E) the Treaty of Versailles, 1919 -4- GO ON TO NEXT PAGE. 23. Francis I and Cardinal Richelieu of France were similar in that they (A) routinely persecuted Protestants. (B) supported Protestants in Germany against the Holy Roman Empire. (C) actively promoted the theory of “divine right” for kings. (D) maintained a close military alliance with England. (E) aggressively promoted mercantilism. 26. Which of the following laws did Louis XIV issue in order to eliminate religious rights for French Calvinists? (A) Edict of Restitution (B) Edict of Nantes (C) Concordat of Bologna (D) Pragmatic Sanction (E) Edict of Fountainbleu 27. Which of the following was notable for building Europe’s finest observatory in the sixteenth century and leaving behind vast data related to celestial motion? (A) Tycho Brahe (B) Galileo Galilei (C) Johannes Kepler (D) Isaac Newton (E) Nicolaus Copernicus 24. The Act of Union (1707) that created Great Britain occurred largely because (A) England’s military power far exceeded that of Ireland (B) the Hanoverian kings desired a stronger union for military defense (C) Parliament sought greater political influence in Wales (D) Scotland sought to benefit from England’s economic empire (E) Parliament feared that Catholics might try to regain the throne after the last of the Stuarts died 25. Which of the following would have been a major proponent of bullionism? (A) Michele de Montaigne (B) Immanuel Kant (C) Jean-Baptiste Colbert (D) Adam Smith (E) David Ricardo © HistorySage.com 2008 -5- GO ON TO NEXT PAGE. 28. “When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty; … lest the same monarch or senate should enact tyrannical laws, to execute them in a tyrannical manner… There is no liberty, if the power of judging be not separated from the legislative and executive powers. Were it joined with the legislative, the life and liberty of the subject would be exposed to arbitrary control, for the judge would then be the legislator. Were it joined to the executive power, the judge might behave with all the violence of an oppressor.” Which of the following would most likely have been the author of the above passage? (A) Oliver Cromwell (B) Joseph II (C) Baron de Montesquieu (D) Jean Bodin (E) Bishop Bossuet 29. Which of the following statements is true concerning the “diplomatic revolution of 1756” during the Seven Years’ War? (A) France and England became allies, breaking with their centuries-old rivalry. (B) Austria became the most powerful country in Europe. (C) France and Prussia agreed to attack Great Britain’s interests in the Mediterranean. (D) France and Austria became allies against Prussia and England. (E) Russia joined a military alliance against France for the first time in its diplomatic history. 30. The advent of the railroad in the 1820s eventually led to (A) a rise in shipping costs (B) a decline of regional and national markets (C) the growth of the urban working class (D) government ownership of transportation in England (E) improvements in the ecology of rural areas 31. Which of the following is NOT considered one of the “Enlightened despots?” (A) Frederick II (B) Catherine II (C) Joseph II (D) Peter II (E) Napoleon I 32. Which of the following people best reflected Enlightenment ideals during his lifetime? (A) Edmund Burke (B) Thomas Paine (C) Thomas Hobbes (D) Klemens von Metternich (E) Johann Wolfgang von Goethe © HistorySage.com 2008 -6- GO ON TO NEXT PAGE. 36. Which of the following French political groups was the most important in influencing the French Revolutionary government to declare war against Austria and Prussia in 1792? (A) The Committee of Public Safety (B) The Girondins (C) The sans culottes (D) The Mountain (E) The Directory 37. As a result of the Thermidorian Reaction during the French Revolutionary era (A) Napoleon assumed control of the French government. (B) Louis XVI was executed. (C) socialist measures were incorporated into the French economy. (D) the Civil Constitution of the Clergy was abolished. (E) the Committee of Public Safety was dissolved. Arch de triomphe, Paris (1806-1836) 33. The architectural work above is an example of which of the following styles? (A) Renaissance (B) Neoclassical (C) Baroque (D) Gothic revival (E) Bauhaus 38. Which of the following trends occurred as a result of Napoleon I’s dominance of Europe? (A) The permanent removal throughout Europe of Old Regime monarchs. (B) A rise in German nationalism in many parts of central Europe. (C) Support of classical liberalism by Russian tsars in the years following the Napoleonic Wars. (D) A relative decline in Britain’s naval superiority due to energetic naval programs among Europe’s most powerful countries. (E) Economic decline after the war in western Europe due to the decline in weapons manufacturing. 34. Which of the following wrote an influential pamphlet in 1789 that declared that the Third Estate should become the sovereign power in France? (A) Maximilien Robespierre (B) Denis Diderot (C) Abbé Sieyès (D) Georges Danton (E) Charlotte Corday 35. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789) sought to create a political blueprint for (A) a democracy incorporating universal male suffrage (B) a direct democracy (C) “Enlightened despotism” (D) a theocracy (E) a constitutional monarchy © HistorySage.com 2008 -7- GO ON TO NEXT PAGE. 39. Which of the following represents an important component of industrialization in Continental Europe after 1815? (A) Crédit Mobilier (B) The South Sea Bubble (C) The robot (D) The cotton gin (E) The Continental System 43. Which of the following statements accurately reflects the Romantic movement of the early nineteenth century? (A) They rejected the rationalism of the Enlightenment. (B) They believed nationalism threatened to quash the individual spirit. (C) They saw nature as something to be studied and mastered. (D) They supported the industrial revolution. (E) They supported conservative goals. 40. Which of the following pairs of countries managed to avoid revolution in 1848-49? (A) Italy and Poland (B) Hungary and Bohemia (C) Great Britain and Russia (D) The German Confederation and Austria (E) France and Prussia 44. Which of the following was a reformer driven primarily by religious convictions? (A) Pierre Proudhon (B) Jeremy Bentham (C) William Wilberforce (D) Marie Curie (E) Earl Grey 41. All of the following were fundamental aspects of the Second Industrial Revolution in late-nineteenth-century Europe EXCEPT (A) chemicals (B) Bessemer process (C) oil (D) electricity (E) aluminum 45. Which of the following represented a moderately liberal political uprising in an attempt to replace an outmoded and ultra-conservative regime? (A) Decembrist uprising (B) Peterloo Massacre (C) Pugachev Rebellion (D) Paris Commune (E) Russian pogroms 42. Which of the following statements is true concerning the Treaty of Paris (1815)? (A) The terms of the treaty were extremely harsh against France. (B) The treaty largely supported liberal ideals. (C) Virtually no territories were exchanged as a result of the treaty. (D) Mechanisms for maintaining a durable balance of power were implemented. (E) Prussia emerged as the dominant power in Europe. © HistorySage.com 2008 46. Which of the following sought a peaceful society and economic equality through centralized government planning? (A) Luddites (B) Chartists (C) Anarchists (D) Utopian socialists (E) Anti-Corn Law League -8- GO ON TO NEXT PAGE. 47. Edwin Chadwick’s “sanitary idea” was most notable for (A) improving the likelihood that soldiers would survive their battlefield wounds (B) censoring liberal propaganda during the Concert of Europe (C) influencing the development of new sewage systems in towns and cities (D) reforming poor houses so that they would encourage thriftier work habits (E) reforming prisons so that they would rehabilitate prisoners rather than warehouse them 50. A major difference between the art of the Renaissance and the art of the latenineteenth century was the (A) rejection of oil paints by realist and expressionist painters. (B) relative lack of patronage for latenineteenth century art movements. (C) lack of perspective in Renaissance paintings. (D) rejection of nudity in the art movements of the late-nineteenth century. (E) absence of art academies by the latenineteenth century. 51. Which of the following was the main “architect” of Italian unification in the 1860s? (A) Giuseppe Mazzini (B) Giuseppe Garibaldi (C) Napoleon III (D) Vincenzo Gioberti (E) Camillo Benso di Cavour 48. Which of the following was the most important reason for marriage in western and central Europe by 1850? (A) Economic considerations (B) Unwanted pregnancies (C) Arranged marriages (D) Romantic love (E) Resistance to authority 52. Bismarck’s program of kulturekampf had as its primary goal (A) the destruction of the socialist movement. (B) the unification of German states with the exception of Austria. (C) the expansion of Germany into Africa and Asia. (D) a military alliance with Russia. (E) the suppression of Catholic political influence. 49. Which of the following posed the biggest challenge to traditional religious groups in the mid-nineteenth century? (A) The publication of the Syllabus of Errors by the Roman Catholic Church (B) The publication of Rerum Novarum by Pope Leo XIII (C) The publication of On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection by Charles Darwin (D) The Christian existentialism of Søren Kierkegaard (E) The publication of Thus Spake Zarathustra by Friedrich Nietzsche © HistorySage.com 2008 53. Which of the following would have most likely supported the socialist revisionism of Edward Bernstein? (A) The Social Democratic Party (S.P.D.) (B) The First Communist International (C) The Paris Commune (D) The Liberal Party in England (E) The Spartacists -9- GO ON TO NEXT PAGE. 54. The 1830 July Revolution in France resulted in the rise of King Louis Phillipe who was most heavily influenced by (A) conservatives (B) militarists (C) clergy members (D) the bourgeoisie (E) socialists 57. Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning the Age of Mass Politics? (A) Political parties played a smaller role in politics. (B) Suffrage had expanded to include most of the male population. (C) increased literacy rates resulted in increased interest among the masses in political affairs. (D) Governments became increasingly involved in alleviating poverty. (E) Industrial workers demanded a higher standard of living. 55. Which of the following was an important influence on the rise of realism in the nineteenth century? (A) The development of photography. (B) The failure of the Revolutions of 1848. (C) The rising standard of living among the urban working class. (D) The enormous popularity of impressionism. (E) The nationalist aspirations of the Young Italy movement. 58. The fastest-growing social class in latenineteenth-century European society was the (A) proletariat (B) upper-middle class (C) petite bourgeoisie (D) peasantry (E) aristocracy 56. A major result of the Crimean War (1853-1856) was that (A) Russia now controlled the Danube region on the Black Sea. (B) Germany found itself “encircled” geographically by other Great Powers. (C) the Ottoman Empire and Russia temporarily became allies. (D) the Austrian empire gained significant territory in the Balkans. (E) Russia began a vigorous program of modernization. © HistorySage.com 2008 59. Benjamin Disraeli’s statement that he was taking a “leap in the dark” regarding the Reform Bill of 1867 suggests that (A) he was enthusiastic about reducing the power of the House of Lords. (B) he was enthusiastic in his support of Irish home rule. (C) he was concerned about the impact of vastly extending suffrage to most men. (D) he was reluctant to take any more power away from the monarchy. (E) he favored the increased influence of socialism in British politics. -10- GO ON TO NEXT PAGE. 60. Which of the following European imperialist powers suffered defeat by Ethiopian forces in the early twentieth century? (A) Portugal (B) Belgium (C) Germany (D) France (E) Italy 64. The most revolutionary development of the 1890s that improved living conditions in European urban areas by the early-twentieth century was the (A) telephone (B) automobile (C) skyscraper (D) telephone (E) electric street car 61. Which of the following countries was the first to institute a social welfare system in the late-nineteenth century? (A) Great Britain (B) France (C) Russia (D) Germany (E) Switzerland 65. The impact of Social Darwinism was most acutely felt in (A) rural areas of eastern Europe. (B) organized religion (C) European colonies (D) in the scientific community (E) pre-industrial working class communities 62. Which of the following artists best reflected in his works the psychological ideas of Sigmund Freud? (A) Pablo Picasso (B) Alberto Giacometti (C) Georges Braque (D) Henri Matisse (E) Salvador Dali 66. Which of the following eastern European groups in the late-nineteenth century was least likely to return to their European homeland after emigrating to non-European regions? (A) Czechs (B) Jews (C) Slovaks (D) Hungarians (E) Greeks 63. Which of the following was most successful in using the political system and non-militant tactics to gain suffrage for women in 1918? (A) John Stuart Mill (B) Mary Wollestonecraft (C) Rosa Luxembourg (D) Emily Davison (E) Millicent Garrett Fawcett © HistorySage.com 2008 67. As a result of the Berlin Conference (1885) (A) Russia and Germany signed a nonaggression treaty. (B) the Great Powers established rules by which to claim African territory. (C) the Ottoman Empire was completely removed from its last Europeanheld provinces. (D) a series of anti-Jewish pogroms was instituted throughout much of eastern Europe. (E) Great Britain and Germany agreed to reduce the size of their navies. -11- GO ON TO NEXT PAGE. 68. Which of the following statements best reflects China’s relationship with Europe by 1900? (A) The Chinese government enthusiastically incorporated Western technology and military training. (B) China was essentially carved up into separate colonies, much like Africa was during the same period. (C) The Chinese government worked to achieve free trade with any country interested in commerce with China. (D) European nations forcefully dominated China’s trade and provided special rights for Europeans living in China. (E) China became increasingly isolated from European influence. 71. All of the following changes occurred as a result of World War One EXCEPT (A) increased job opportunities for women. (B) greater social equality for Europe’s working classes. (C) increased influence of socialist parties in western Europe. (D) emergence of radio as a major new industry. (E) uninterrupted economic growth in western Europe during the 1920s. 72. All of the following were provisions of the Versailles Treaty (1919) EXCEPT (A) political independence for all colonies belonging to the Central Powers. (B) the creation of the new states of Finland, Poland and Yugoslavia. (C) the demilitarization of the Rhineland. (D) the placement of sole blame for the war on Germany. (E) the creation of an international collective security organization. 69. Which of the following was a notable critic of European imperialism in the nineteenth century? (A) Karl Marx (B) H. M. Stanley (C) Matthew Perry (D) Heinrich von Treitschke (E) Jules Ferry 73. Which of the following was a result of the Russian Civil War? (A) The Provisional Government emerged as the sovereign power in Russia. (B) Russia won back large tracts of land it had lost due to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (C) Vladimir Lenin instated Five-Year Plans to modernize Russia’s economy. (D) The Bolshevik program of “war communism” essentially ruined the Russian economy. (E) The Soviet Union was admitted into the League of Nations. 70. Kaiser Wilhelm II’s “blank check” refers to which of the following? (A) Prussia’s desire to unify Germany by provoking a war with Austria. (B) The kaiser’s desire to pay off Chancellor Bismarck in return for his resignation. (C) Germany’s unlimited support of Austria in its war with Serbia in 1914. (D) The German government’s willingness to spend large amounts of money on social welfare. (E) Germany’s agreement, in principle, to end World War One by paying large reparations payments. © HistorySage.com 2008 -12- GO ON TO NEXT PAGE. 74. The United States officially entered World War One as a result of (A) Germany’s invasion of Belgium. (B) the Russian Revolution. (C) mutinies in the French army. (D) the Zimmerman Note. (E) Germany’s policy of unrestricted submarine warfare. 76. Which of the following was the most important reason why Germany agreed to an armistice to end World War One? (A) Germany began to suffer major losses along its Eastern Front and feared being crushed between two Allied armies. (B) The Ottoman Empire failed to prevent Great Britain’s conquest of the Black Sea region. (C) Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points pointed towards a fair and equitable peace treaty. (D) A communist revolution had overthrown the Kaiser before the military was able to restore order in Germany. (E) Massive air bombings by the Allies were decimating German cities. 75. “Sweet is the lore which Nature brings; Our meddling intellect Mis-shapes the beauteous forms of things:-We murder to dissect. Enough of Science and of Art; Close up those barren leaves; Come forth, and bring with you a heart That watches and receives. The above poem, written by William Wordsworth, mostly likely embodies (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 77. All of the following are example of postWorld War One pessimism in Europe EXCEPT (A) Franz Kafka, The Trial (B) Erich Maria Remarque, All Quiet on the Western Front (C) Oswald Spengler, The Decline of Western Civilization (D) Thomas Hardy, Tess of the d’Ubervilles (E) T. S. Eliot, “The Wasteland” the Enlightenment Romanticism realism existentialism neo-classicism 78. In 1922, France invaded western Germany and occupied the Ruhr industrial region in response to (A) Germany’s withdrawal from the League of Nations. (B) Germany’s refusal to pay its reparations on time. (C) Hitler’s violation of the Versailles Treaty through the Beer Hall Putsch. (D) U.S. refusal to honor the Dawes Plan. (E) Germany’s secret rearmament program after World War I. © HistorySage.com 2008 -13- GO ON TO NEXT PAGE. 79. The above map reflects Europe in (A) 1648 (B) 1713 (C) 1815 (D) 1871 (E) 1914 © HistorySage.com 2008 -14- Georges Braque, Violin and Candlestick 80. The above painting by Georges Braque is an example of which of the following styles? (A) Fauvism (B) Dadaism (C) Expressionism (D) Cubism (E) Dadaism END OF EXAMINATION © HistorySage.com 2008 -15-