Download Prepared by Ms. Bowie Biology 11 Exam Preparation Notes Page 1

Prepared by Ms. Bowie
Biology 11 Exam Preparation Notes
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Biology 11 Exam Preparation Notes
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Preparing for your Biology 11 Final Exam
Exam Date: Period 1 Biology Class
Period 3 Biology Class
, January th, 8:00 – 10:10 am
, January th, 8:00 – 10:10 am
Getting Ready:
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Good preparation for your exams is important, both to academic success and to reduce some of the
stress that naturally accompanies important tests.
Study many days prior to your exam in smaller, manageable chunks;
Sleep well and get regular exercise during the exam period (all semester , actually);
Use ACTIVE methods of studying; flipping through your notes works well for very, very few students.
Try rewriting notes, turning written notes into diagrams, use memory techniques like mnemonics, turns
study material into a physical game (move around your space physically touching things that represent
something – e.g. lamp equals heart, electric cord equals arteries…). The more ways you transform your
notes and the more often you process the information, the more likely you will be to transfer the
information from short term to long term memory and to find it when you feel stressed.
What to bring:
1. A standard blue or black ink pen (please no other fun colours)
2. Your “Info Card” that YOU created while studying
a. The info card is a 4”x6” index card (provided by your teacher). You are permitted to write
any information you think might be important on ONE (1) side of the card (only). Your
name should be written on the other side. The info on the card must be created originally
by you (not simply a copy of someone else’s work). Any copies found will result in both
you and the other person losing your card prior to the exam session. Don’t risk it; use it as
it is meant to be – an active method of study! Good luck!
What you should know to for the exam
Cellular Units
1. The names of all cell organelles and their functions (and label diagrams);
2. Be able to identify the difference between plant and animal cells based on cellular structures;
3. Know the structure of the cell membrane and the function of some basic parts (e.g. phospholipid
bilayer, cholesterol, glycoprotein, protein receptors, channel pores, etc.);
4. Know how materials are transported through the membrane (especially diffusion and osmosis);
5. Be able to describe what happens to plant and animal (and protist) cells when they are placed on
isotonic, hypotonic or hypertonic solutions;
6. Be able to explain and write the formulae for photosynthesis and cellular respiration;
7. Be able to describe the steps of cellular respiration and the location of each step in the cell;
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Biology 11 Exam Preparation Notes
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Classification Units
1. The rules for naming organisms (binomial nomenclature);
2. The levels of classification (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species) and how they
can be used to show how closely related species are, evolutionarily speaking;
3. Know the 6 Kingdoms of Life (Archae, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia) and be
able to give or identify representative examples of each
a. Make sure you know the 3 main types of Archeabacteria and the environments in which
they thrive;
b. Make sure you know the 3 main shapes of eubacteria and how those are used in their
names;
4. Know the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells;
5. Be able to describe the Phyla of the Kingdom, Animalia (e.g. porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes,
etc.) and to give examples of each;
6. Be able to describe and identify examples of animals from each of the classes of the chordate
phylum (e.g. agnatha, osteichthyes, amphibian, aves…);
7. Be able to use a flow chart or dichotomous key to identify (name) a specific organism;
Homeostasis & Body Systems Units
1. Know what is meant by homeostasis and how it is maintained by the coordinated efforts of the
body systems;
2. Be able to label diagrams of the digestive, respiratory and circulatory systems;
3. Be able to describe blood flow through the heart and around the body;
4. Know the composition of blood and the role of the substances in it (e.g. red blood cells, white
blood cells, platelets and associated proteins, etc.);
5. Be able to explain what digestive process happens in each area of the digestive system (including
the name of specific enzymes and hormones) involved in each step;
6. Be able to describe the major blood types, the protein markers, and who people with those
blood types can donate to or receive from;
7. Be able to draw and describe the process by which viruses replicate;
8. Be able to identify the structures and their functions from the frog dissection.
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Biology 11 Exam Preparation Notes
Biology 11 Exam Preparation Notes
The Cell
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The Typical Plant Cell
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Biology 11 Exam Preparation Notes
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The Cell Membrane
Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is a thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell. Its function is to protect the the interior of the
cell by allowing certain substances into the cell, while keeping other substances out. It also serves as a base of attachment for the cytoskeleton
in some organisms and the cell wall in others. Thus the cell membrane also serves to help support the cell and help maintain its shape. Animal
cells, plant cells, prokaryotic cells, and fungal cells have cell membranes.
Cell Membrane Structure
The cell membrane is primarily composed of a mix of proteins and lipids. Depending on the membrane’s location and role in the body, lipids can
make up anywhere from 20 to 80 percent of the membrane, with the remainder being proteins. While lipids help to give membranes their
flexibility, proteins monitor and maintain the cell's chemical climate and assist in the transfer of molecules across the membrane.
Cell Membrane Lipids
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Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes. They form a lipid bilayer in which their hydrophillic (attracted to
water) head areas spontaneously arrange to face the watery cytosol and the extracellular fluid, while their hydrophobic (repelled by
water) tail areas face away from the cytosol and extracellular fluid. The lipid bilayer is semi-permeable, allowing only certain molecules to
diffuse across the membrane.
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Cholesterol is another lipid component of cell membranes. It helps to stiffen cell membranes and is not found in the
membranes of plant cells.
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Glycolipids are located on cell membrane surfaces and have a carbohydrate sugar chain attached to them. They help the cell to
recognize other cells of the body.
Cell Membrane Proteins
Structural proteins help to give the cell support and shape. Cell membrane receptor proteins help cells communicate with their external
environment through the use of hormones, neurotransmitters and other signaling molecules. Transport proteins, such as globular proteins,
transport molecules across cell membranes through facilitated diffusion. Glycoproteins have a carbohydrate chain attached to them. They are
embedded in the cell membrane and help in cell to cell communications and molecule transport across the membrane.
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Biology 11 Exam Preparation Notes
Types of Movement Across the cell membrane
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Osmosis & Solution Types
Try thinking about it this way:
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In Hypotonic solution – there is too little solute (dissolved stuff) therefore, there must be TOO MUCH WATER filling up the rest of the
space. In cells, it is always the movement of WATER that we follow. Remember that water always flows from an area of high to low
concentration. Therefore, the water will flow out of the solution and INTO the cell. This will cause the cell to swell (in a plant) and swell
to possibly bursting in an animal cell.
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In Hypertonic solutions – there is too much solute, so less room for water. Therefore the water will flow OUT of the cell and into the
lower concentration water space in the solution (outside the cell). This causes the cell to shrink.
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Biology 11 Exam Preparation Notes
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Microscopic organisms in hypotonic solutions (e.g. paramecium)
Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
The SUN is the ultimate
source of all energy on Earth
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ATP is known as the energy
currency of the cell
The Steps of Cellular Respiration (Locations)
Takes place in the cytosol
(cytoplasm of the cell)
outside the mitochondria
Takes place in the mitochondrial
matrix (the cytoplasm in the
mitochondria)
Takes place in the
mitochondrial cristae (the folds
in the walls of the mitochondria
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Biology 11 Exam Preparation Notes
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Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration
Aerobic respiration means that there is oxygen present. In this
case, the entire process shown on the last page takes place. This
produces a lot of ATP.
Anaerobic respiration means that there is NO oxygen present
(the absence of oxygen). This results in inefficient ATP
production. Instead, two possible results occur: Yeast
fermentation (which creates alcohol and carbon dioxide) or
Hemolactic fermentation Lactic Acid production.
Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
Definition:
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen.
Anaerobic respiration is respiration without
oxygen.
Cells that use it:
Aerobic respiration occurs in most cells.
Anaerobic respiration occurs in bacteria, yeasts,
some prokaryotes,
erythrocytes (red blood cells), and in muscle
cells.
Amount of energy
released:
High (36-38 ATP molecules)
Low (2 ATP molecules)
Products:
Carbon dioxide, water, ATP
Lactic Acid Fermentation - lactic acid,
ATP
Alcoholic Fermentation - ethyl
alcohol, ATP, carbon dioxide
Reactants:
glucose, oxygen
glucose
Site of reactions:
Cytoplasm and mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Stages:
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron Transport
Chain
Glycolysis, Fermentation
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Biology 11 Exam Preparation Notes
The 6 Kingdoms of Life
Classification
Name
1
2
3
4
5
6
Archaeabacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
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Characteristics and Examples
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Prokaryotic (no membrane-bound nucleus)
Unicellular
Anaerobic organisms (can’t live in oxygen)
Three subdivisions:
 Methanogens – methane producers
 Halophiles – salt lovers, can thrive in salt
concentrations 10x that of sea water
 Thermoacidophiles – thrive in 100oC +
temperatures and highly acidic conditions.
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Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Can be either autotropic or heterotrophic
Reproduce asexually through binary fission.
Three main shapes:
 Round = cocci (coccus – singular)
 Rod shaped = bacilli (bacillus)
 Spiral = Spirullus
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Eukaryotic (true membrane-bound nucleus)
Unicellular (some in colonies)
Live in aquatic environments
Three examples:
 Amoeba – moves on pseudo pods
 Paramecium – moves with cillia
 Euglena – moves with flagella
 Eukaryotic (true membrane-bound nucleus)
 Both Unicellular (yeast) and multicellular
(mushrooms, mould, etc.)
 Heterotrophs – must eat something else. Fungi
break down food outside their body and absorb the
nutrients.
 Three examples:
 Mushrooms, molds, mildews, yeast, etc.
 Eukaryotic (true membrane-bound nucleus)
 Mostly multicellular
 Autotrophs – contain chlorophyll and carry out
photosynthesis where they convert sunlight into
sugars.
 Examples:
 Mosses, grass, flowering plants, trees, etc.
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Eukaryotic (true membrane-bound nucleus)
Multicellular
Heterotrophs – must eat something else.
Most reproduce sexually
Examples:
 Sponges, insects, birds, mammals, humans,
etc.
Pictures of Representative
Organisms
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The 9 Phyla of Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Name
1
Porifera
2
Cnidaria
Characteristics & Examples
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The Sponges
Sessile-stays in one place
Most simple multicellular organism
No tissues or organs
Central body cavity
Osculum- large opening(s) at top
Pores for allow water in and out
About 5000 species in this group
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Jellyfish & Anemones
Nematocytes- stinging cells on tentacles
Radial symmetry
Gastrovascular cavity- central body cavity
Mostly marine (ocean creatures)
Jellyfish are considered plankton (free
floaters) in the ocean.
Anemones and hydra are sessile.
About 10 000 species in this group.
“Flat Heads”
These are flat worms
Bilateral Symmetry
Diffusion is used in place of important
body systems.
No real vision only senses light with
eyespots
Only one food opening. Food enters the
mouth, is digested and absorbed, then
wastes are released from the same
opening.
About 19 000 species in this group.
Examples: Planaria, Flukes and
Tapeworms
Roundworms are found everywhere
Cylindrical, slender, tapered and both
ends
Bilateral symmetry
Many Nematodes are parasitic
1st group with a continuous digestive
tube
Hookworms are intestinal and drink
blood from the stomach
About 20 000+ species in this group
Examples – Ascaris, hookworm,
pinworms
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3
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Platyhelminthes
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4
Nematoda
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Pictures of Representatives
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5
Annelida
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Arthropoda
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Mollusca
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Echinodermata
9
Chordata
Biology 11 Exam Preparation Notes
 Segmented worms are capable of more
complex movements
 Have a closed circulatory system with 5
pairs of aortic arches (like “hearts”)
 Food passes into the mouth, travels
along a continuous tube and then exits
the anus.
 Mass of nerves forms simple “brain”
called a ganglion.
 About 12 000+ species in this group
 Examples – Earthworm, leeches, etc.
 Insects, spiders (arachnids) and
crustaceans (lobsters, crabs, shrimp,
etc.)
 Most dominant animals on Earth
 Exoskeleton “suit of armor” made of
chitin
 Efficient gas exchange allows rapid
supply of oxygen to muscles
 Jointed appendages (6+ legs)
 Well developed sensory system
 Well developed nervous system
 Well developed circulatory system
 About 1 000 000+ species in this group
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The “shell fish” + squid/octopus
Shell made of Calcium Carbonate
Muscular foot
Mantle lays down the shell
About 100 000+ species in this group
 The name echinoderm is Greek for
“hedgehog skin” or spiny skin
 Use a water-vascular system for
locomotion (tube-feet),
 Radial symmetry (pentamerous – 5
sided)
 They can regenerate parts of their body
that are damaged or “broken off”.
 About 7000 species in this group
 Dorsal nerve (Spinal) cord
 Notochord or backbone/vertebrae
 Tail (at some stage of the life cycle)
 Gill Slits (at some stage of the life cycle)
 About 7000 species in this group
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Biology 11 Exam Preparation Notes
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The 7 Classes of Phylum Chordata
Phylum Name
Characteristics & Examples
 Class Agnatha (a- = not, without; gnatho =
jaw);
 They do not have jaws, are eel-shaped, prey
on fish;
 Examples: lampreys and hagfish.
1
Agnatha
Chondrichthyes
 Class Chondrichthyes (chondro = cartilage;
ichthys = fish)
 They have a cartilage skeleton, not bone.
 They are not buoyant like other fish so they
must swim or sink.
 Like other fish they have a lateral line system
which detects differences in water pressure,
the equivalent of our hearing.
 Examples: sharks and rays.
Osteichthyes
 Class Osteichthyes (osteo = bone) is the bony
fish.
 This is the most numerous of all vertebrate
classes.
 2 chambered heart
 Two subdivisions:
o Lobe finned fish
o Teleosts (you are most familiar with
these)
Amphibia
 Class Amphibia (amphi = on both sides,
double; bios = life)
 They were the first land vertebrates.
 3 chambered heart
 External fertilization takes place in water.
 They are tied to the water due to this & the
fact that their skin must remain moist or risk
drying out.
 Examples: frogs, newts, and salamanders.
2
3
4
5
Reptilia
 Class Reptilia (reptili = creeping)
 Reptiles have scales and are dry to the touch.
 Their eggs have leathery shells and do not
require water.
 3.5 chamber heart
 Reptiles are exothermic (exo = out, outside),
that is they maintain their body temperature
through external means such as sunning on a
rock or seeking shade.
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Examples: dinosaurs (dino = terrible), snakes,
turtles, crocodiles, and lizards.
Pictures of Representatives
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6
Aves
7
Mammalia
Biology 11 Exam Preparation Notes
 Class Aves (avi = a bird) the birds.
 They have feathers for insulation and flight.
 Birds’ bones are hollow and light weight for
flight.
 Birds are endothermic (endo = within, inner),
that is, they control their body temperature
from within (they’re “warm-blooded”).
 Birds have shelled eggs and so must have
internal fertilization — the egg must be
fertilized before the hen’s reproductive tract
secretes an eggshell.
 Examples: parrots, ducks, eagles.
 Class Mammalia (mamma, mammil = teat,
nipple) are the mammals.
 They have fur/hair;
 They have mammary glands which produce
milk for the young.
 They are endothermic.
 Most mammals bear live young
 3 Subdivisions:
Monotremes (trema = hole) includes the
platypus and spiny anteater. These
mammals lays eggs like reptiles, but do have
fur and milk. However, they have no
nipples: their mammary glands just secrete
milk onto the fur, from which the babies lick
it. E.g. platypus and spiny ant-eater
Marsupials (marsupi = a bag, pouch)
includes opossums, kangaroos, koalas, etc.
The young are born as very immature
embryos and must crawl to their mother’s
pouch to continue their development.
Placentals (placent = a round, flat cake)
contains most of the animals with which we
are familiar. In this taxon, young complete
embryonic development within the
mother’s uterus and are nourished across a
placenta.
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Biology 11 Exam Preparation Notes
Bacteria Shapes
Prokaryote vs eukaryote
Prokaryotes do not have a true membrane-bound nucleus
No membrane-bound nucleus. The
DNA floats freely around the cell.
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Biology 11 Exam Preparation Notes
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King
Phillip
Memory Tip
Came
Over
For
Good
Soup
Examples of Taxonomic Comparisons
Man
Box Elder Tree
Bobcat
Canadian lynx
Kingdom
Animalia
Plantea
Animalia
Animalia
Phylum/Division
Chordata
Anthophyta
Chordata
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Dicotyledonae
Mammalia
Mammalia
Order
Primates
Sapindales
Carnivora
Carnivora
Family
Hominidae
Aceracae
Felidae
Felidae
Genus
Homo
Acer
Lynx
Lynx
Species
sapiens
nugundo
rufus
canadensis
Linnaeus developed a two-name naming system is known as “Binomial nomenclature” (Latin for 2 name
naming system). We call this name the “scientific name” of the organism. For example, humans have the
scientific name Homo sapiens. The name of any species is two words: the name of the genus followed by the
“species modifier.” When hand writing the scientific name you must capitalize the genus and use lower case
letters for the species; then underline both names separately. If typing, italicize both words. For example, the
scientific name of the bobcat from the table above would be: Lynx
rufus
The more taxa two organisms have in common, the more closely related the two organisms are. Which two are
most closely related in the chart above? The bobcat and the Canadian lynx since they share the same ORDER.
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The Body Systems
Biology 11 Exam Preparation Notes
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Digestive Enzymes
Location in the digestive
System
Mouth (salivary glands)
Stomach
Small Intestine
Nutrient Involved
Carbohydrates
Protein
Salivary Amylase
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
+
Pepsinogen
becomes pepsin
Protein
Enterokinase converts
trypsinogen (which came
from the pancreas) into
the enzyme trypsin.
Protein
Erepsin (from pancreas
and small intestine)
Fats
Lipase
Carbohydrates
Pancreatic amylase &
disaccharidases
(with help of the
pancreas)
When acid enters the small
intestine, a hormone, secretin,
sends a message to the
pancreas to release an base to
neutralize the acid which
inactivates the pepsin.
Secretion/Enzyme
Involved
What it does
Begins the breakdown of
carbohydrates breaking
polysaccharides (complex
carbohydrates like starch) into
simpler carbohydrates and
disaccharides
HCl converts pepsinogen into pepsin
and it kills pathogens.
Pepsin begins the digestion of
proteins.
Trypsin converts long-chain
peptides (many amino acids) into
short-chain peptides.
Completes the breakdown of short
chain proteins into individual amino
acids.
Lipase is an enzyme that breaks
down fats into glycerol and fatty
acids
Medium size carbohydrates and the
disaccharides into monosaccharides
(like glucose)
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Biology 11 Exam Preparation Notes
The Respiratory System
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Blood Types:
Biology 11 Exam Preparation Notes
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Biology 11 Exam Preparation Notes
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Biology 11 Exam Preparation Notes
Replication of Bacteriophage (virus)
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