Download V. Section 5

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The Roman Poor
1. Returned from war to find their farms
were ___sold___ for unpaid ____taxes___
2. Moved to the ____city___ to look for
jobs
3. Sold their ___votes____ to make
money and became __poorer_____
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B. Tiberius Gracchus
1. Tried to _give public land to the poor
___
2. Was killed in a ___riot____ started by
the _patrician_____ senators
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The Roman Poor
1. C. Gaius Gracchus
1. Was elected ___tribune___ in
___123_______ B.C.E.
2. Lowered price of ___grain_____ for the
__poor_____
3. Patricians stopped the __reform_____
movement
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D. Military Leaders
1. Marius formed an army from _the poor___
, and won in __North Africa__ and _Gaul__
2. __Lucius Sulla___ defeated Marius and
made himself ___dictator____
3. The First ___Triumvirate___ ruled Rome
together for less than ____ten_____ years
V. Section 5: The End of the
Republic
A. Julius
Caesar,Crassus_,Pompey=1stTriumvirate
 1. Had more power than the _Senate___
 2. Made __dictator____ for life in 44 B.C.
 3. On March 15, 44 B.C., _Senators___
assassinated him
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B. Second Triumvirate
1. Included __Octavian____ , __Mark
Anthony___ , and ___Marcus Lepidus____
2. __ Octavian _____ declared war on Mark
Antony and __Cleopatra__________ , who
killed themselves
3. __ Octavian __ became Rome’s first
emperor
Augustus Caesar
1. Began the _____second great period of
Roman
history____________________________
_______________________
 2. Built _new temples______ ,
_theaters____ , _public buildings____ ,
___roads__ , and a
 large _aqueduct___
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B. Government
1. The provinces___ were the lands outside
of Italy, and were _divided____ into
two groups
2. The __senate____ controlled the
__older_____ provinces
3. The __emperor____ controlled the
___newer___ provinces on the frontier
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C. Pax Romana
1. Means __Roman Peace__
2. During this time, people led
__civilized___ lives
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II. Section 2: Governing the Roman Empire (pp.
194-198)
A. Emperors
1. __Tiberius___ was the adopted son of
Augustus
2. _Caligula_____ was thought by some to be
___insane___ , or ill in his mind
3. Claudius was chosen by __guards___
4. __Nero____ played the lyre and thought of
himself as ____an artist_____
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5. When __Trajan___ ruled, Rome reached
its greatest size
6. Hadrian passed laws that protected
___women__ , ___children__ , and
__slaves___
7. __Marcus Aurelius____ became a soldier,
and let in ___invaders__ because he wanted
_peace_____
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B. Empire Declined
1. Because its ___government___ never
found a way to _____choose a new
emperor__
2. Because it had too little _money_____
due to its __wars___
3. Because a __plague___ hit the empire
Forum A bustling center of political
consumer market life, it was an
ideal place for dramatic speeches.
Latifundia
Rich landowners lived on huge estate
Problems in the
Republic
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Rich landowners (Latifundia) were taking farms left
untended by soldiers serving in the army.
Slaves captured during the wars had to work The latifundia’s
Small farmers found it difficult to compete with large estates
that were run by slaves and these farmers had to work as
seasonal migrant laborers or move to the cities to find jobs.
The wealthy became corrupt which causes tension between
the social classes (discontent arose among the slaves and
resentment among the poor.
Tiberius
and
Gaius
Gracchus
Tiberius Gracchus attempted to organize a fairer
distribution of land, his brother Gaius tried to integrate
the peoples of Italy into the Roman state. Both - despite
being the elected representatives of the people
(tribunes) were murdered by senators, fearful that their
ancient privileges were being eroded.
Civil war in
Rome 88-82
BCE
Marius opens the army to all citizens. But
his new army is loyal to him personally
rather than to the state. For the first time the
army is used by an individual to short-circuit
traditional political methods.(The Roman
army consist of paid soldier or slaves; not
citizen soldiers
Sulla
As a consul, he (Marius) promised recruits
land in exchange for their service (Africa)
and was rejected by the Senate. Civil war
erupted and Gen Sulla restored order.
Julius Caesar
100-44BCE
The government was in a state of collapse, and
so he joined Crassus and Pompey to form the
First Triumvirate – which means rule by three
men. In 59 B.C. Caesar was elected to the
highest office, that of consul.
Caesar was
appointed
governor of
northern Italy and
southern France
The Celtic tribes of Gaul were conquered and the
country incorporated into the Roman Empire.
Invading tribes from Germany were hurled back,
and when they persisted in returning, Caesar
crossed the Rhine and taught them a severe
lesson. Soon after this he embarked on his most
exciting venture: the invasion of Britain.
the Senate was frightened of
Caesar's power and distrusted
him.
The Senate now joined forces with Caesar's old
ally, Pompey, in order to seize power from
Caesar. They sought to impose severe
restrictions on him, and ordered him to come to
Rome alone, unarmed, and stripped of all his
offices. "Alea iacta est", quoted as "Let the die
be cast" or "Let the dice fly high."
Julius Caesar and
the 23rd Legion
he crossed the
river Rubicon
The Senate had been disobeyed and civil war had begun. In
Italy Caesar's old soldiers flocked to join him. Pompey, seeing
that he could not overcome Caesar in Italy, fled to Greece.
Pompey fled to Egypt, but the Egyptian king, Ptolemy, seeing
which way the wind was blowing, had him murdered. When
Caesar arrived a few weeks later, he was (to his utter disgust)
presented with Pompey's mummified head
Caesar now
occupied
himself with
Egyptian affairs.
Ptolemy was deposed and his sister, Cleopatra, made
queen. A romantic attachment developed between the
old soldier and the beautiful young queen, and Caesar
dallied in Egypt still longer.
Then at last Caesar returned to Rome. He was now
undisputed master of the civilized world. He was made
dictator for life and was even regarded as one of the
gods
The Ides of
March
(middle or
15th)
The Senate thought he was going to abolish the
republican form of government and make himself king.
Several of these men became so alarmed that they
plotted together to murder Caesar. On the Ides of March
(15th) 44 BC Caesar arrived at the Senate. At a given
signal the conspirators gathered round and plunged their
daggers into his body.(23 times)(“Et tu Brute?”)
Et Tu Brute
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=aotw
bcPn3T4

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia_
of_history/J/Julius_Caesar.html
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http://www.the-romans.co.uk/gracchi.htm

http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/caesar.
html
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The Legends of History : Historical
Illustrations featuring themes of War &
Civilization & an Outline of History by
Howard David Johnson
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Ancient Italy: The Ancient Roman World

http://www.unrv.com/fall-republic/crossingthe-rubicon.php
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http://home.comcast.net/~DiazStudents/w
history_units1.htm
The Second
Triumvirate
Octavian,
Marc Antony,
and Lepidus.
Second three-man ruling group to rule Rome, formed to
fill the void in government left by Julius Caesar's death.
When Antony became involved with Cleopatra and
decided to fight Rome, Octavian played a part in
defeating Antony's forces. Once Antony was out of the
way and Lepidus was forced to retire, Octavian was free
to become Augustus Caesar. (next slide Actium 31BCE)
The new title of
Octavian =
Augustus
(“exalted one”)
Octavius Thurinus, he was adopted by his
great-uncle Gaius Julius Caesar in 44 BC,
The rule of Augustus initiated an era of relative
peace known as the Pax Romana, or Roman
peace. (207 years)
2nd Emperor
Tiberius
(adopted son
of Augustus)
In his will Tiberius left the empire to both
Caligula and Tiberius Gemellus, but soon
after becoming Emperor, Caligula had
Tiberius' will declared void and soon had
Gemellus killed
1st bad
Emperor
Caligula
37–41
• Mentally
disturbed
• Assassinated
after short,
brutal reign
2nd bad
emperor =
Nero
54–68
• Good administrator
but
vicious
• Murdered many
• Persecuted
Christians
• Committed
suicide
3rd bad
emperor =
Domitian
• 81–96
• Ruled dictatorially
• Feared treason
everywhere and
executed many
• Assassinated
1st Good
Emperors =
Nerva
96-98
Began custom
of adopting heir
2nd good
Emperor =
Trajan
98-117
Empire reached
its greatest extent
• Undertook vast
building program
• Enlarged social
welfare
rd
3
good
emperor =
Hadrian
117–138
• Consolidated
earlier conquests
• Reorganized the
bureaucracy
4th good
emperor =
Antoninus
Pius
138–161
• Reign largely a
period of peace
and prosperity
th
5
good
emperor =
Marcus
Aurelius
161-180
Brought empire
to height of
economic
prosperity
• Defeated
invaders
• Wrote philosophy
Marius, a legion had several standards which were
carried in front of different units. He made the eagle the
pre-eminent standard for all legions, to be a signal as to
where the action was and a rallying point for the troops.
To lose, or to have to surrender, an eagle to the enemy
was a colossal disgrace.
If the eagle was captured the legion would
disband. It is interesting that Julius Caesar
personally sanctified the eagle when the
legion was brought forth. On one of the
legion standards the powerful talons of the
eagle are gripping golden thunderbolts, as
the eagle stands ready for flight against all
enemies of Rome. At the very top of the
standard above the eagle is a gold bar with
the inscription SPQR (Senatus Populus
Romanus) honoring the Senate and the
People
Pantheon built by Agrippa
Aqueduct = a channel built to carry water to
populated areas.
Some—strong, healthy males—were forced
to
become gladiators, or professional fighters,
who fought to the death in public contests