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Name: Date: Period: Hon World History Chapter 16 Section 1 Notes Hitler’s Lightning War -After Hitler reclaimed Austria, the Rhineland, and the Sudetenland, he now had his eyes set on the Polish Corridor and the port city of Danzig -The Non-Aggression Pact signed between Hitler and Stalin had vowed the two nations would not attack each other in a time of war -Secretly the two nations laid out plans to divide Poland between them, with the Soviets reclaiming Finland and the Baltic nations of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia -Britain and France vowed that an attack on Poland would mean war -On September 1, 1939 Hitler launched his invasion into Poland using a new war technique he called a blitzkrieg or lightning war -Planes softened the infrastructure of major cities and key targets, while tanks and personnel carriers swiftly occupied regions caught off guard -1.5 million German soldiers invaded Poland during the assault -On Sept. 3 France and Britain declared war on Germany, but could offer no help to the Poles; Germany had taken the Western half of the nation -On Sept. 17 Stalin invaded the Eastern half of Poland and soon took the nations of the Baltic States -Finland proved to be more difficult as they fought on skis during the harsh winter -For 7 months, French and British troops sat across the Germans along the Maginot Line with no fighting, became known as the “phony war” or Germans called it the sitzkrieg -Then on April 9, 1940, Hitler launched an invasion capturing Denmark in 4 hours and Norway two months later -Planned to build bases along the two coastlines to attack Britain from -Hitler now split his army and attacked through Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg -The other half swept through the Ardennes Forest where there was little French resistance due to the denseness of the forest -Within weeks, the German army had conquered most of France and pushed British and French defenders to the beaches at Dunkirk, where they were surrounded -The evacuation of Dunkirk saw the rescue of over 300,000 soldiers using 850 boats of every variety and civilians under intense German fire -Italy entered the war against France and Britain on June 10th and attacked France from the South -On June 14th Paris fell and on June 22nd the country surrendered to German occupation -Charles de Gaulle set up a Free French Government in Britain and commanded French resistance fighters from there -After the defeat of France, Hitler now turned his attention to Britain -Churchill vowed that the nation would never give in to the Nazis -Operation Sea Lion became the code name for Hitler’s planned invasion of Britain -First, he wanted to knock out the Royal Air Force and then land 250,000 troops to occupy the nation -The RAF was outnumbered 2,000 to 4,500 -At first, Hitler concentrated on aircraft and airfields to try and cripple the Br. -Then he began to bomb cities, like London, focusing on civilians to try and hurt Br. morale -With the creation of radar in the late 1930’s and a German Enigma in their possession, the British were able to counter-attack and coordinate defenses -Sustaining heavy losses during the daytime, Hitler began bombing at night -Eventually, the Battle of Britain ended on May 10, 1941 with Hitler turning his attention to Eastern Europe -During the Battle of Britain, Italy launched a campaign into North Africa to try and capture the Suez Canal and valuable oil fields -The British pushed the Italians back 500 miles and were on the move, until Hitler sent Erwin Rommel known as the Desert Fox and his Afrika Korps -Eventually, Rommel pushed Britain out of most of North Africa -Hitler now looked to secure the Balkans for his planned invasion of the Soviet Union -Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary all cooperated with the Germans -Yugoslavia and Greece were forced to surrender in April of 1941 -Had pro-British governments at the time On June 22, 1941 Hitler launched Operation Barbarossa or the invasion of the Soviet Union with a Blitzkrieg -The Soviets were not able to muster a defense and Hitler pushed into Soviet territory 500 miles -The Soviets did use a scorched earth policy leaving nothing behind for the German army to use -The Battle of Leningrad saw the city cut off from all supplies and the citizens were force to endure a horrible winter -More than 1 million would die, but the Germans would never capture the city -An attack on Moscow proven to be ineffective, as the German were equipped for a summer attack and not ready for the harsh Russian winter -Hitler would lose more than 500,000 soldiers in the invasion -In the summer of 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill met in Newfoundland to discuss US entry into the war -The Atlantic Charter vowed the freed nations would be able to elect their own governments after the war -Roosevelt ordered the destruction of all German submarines on sight -US passed the Lend-Lease Act in March of 1941 Japan Strikes in the Pacific -In the late 1890’s and early 1900’s, Japan began to build an empire to help with overcrowding and find new sources of raw materials -In 1931, the Japanese took over Manchuria and soon began to expand across China and SE Asia -Eventually, would control a large portion of the Pacific Rim -As Japan expanded, the US funded China and cut of oil to Japan after their conquest of French Indochina -US intelligence intercepted codes that indicated Japan was going to target the US Philippines and Guam -Isoroku Yamamoto saw Pearl Harbor in Hawaii as the greatest threat to Japanese success in the Pacific -On December 7, 1941 the Japanese launched an attack at Pearl Harbor catching the US off guard, despite numerous indications an attack was imminent -The attack lasted two hours and saw 18 ships sunk or damaged and 2,400 dead -Another 1000 were wounded -The Japanese onslaught quickly began and they captured more than 1 million square miles of land and controlled 150 million people -On April 16, 1942 the US sent bombers under the command of James Doolittle to bomb Tokyo in revenge for the attack on Pearl Harbor -Proved that the Japanese were not invincible -In early May 1942, the US and Australia turned back an attempt by the Japanese to capture a port in New Guinea that would of allowed an attack into Australia -Known as the Battle of the Coral Sea -The US now intercepted a code indicating an attack at Midway Island by 150 Japanese ships -Pacific Fleet Commander Chester Nimitz was prepared for the attack and despite being outnumbered destroyed 332 planes and all four Japanese aircraft carriers involved -Served as the turning point in the war in the Pacific -Douglas MacArthur, Commander of allied forces in the Pacific now coordinated a policy of island hopping where the US would take islands one at a time and use them as a launching point -The Battle of Guadalcanal would be one of the bloodiest in the war with causality rates over 50% for both sides The Allies are Victorious -The German army had been fighting in the Soviet Union since June of 1941 -A stalemate existed between the two sides outside the cities of Moscow and Leningrad -Germany now turned their attention to Stalingrad a valuable manufacturing center on the Volga River and the oil fields in the Caucasus Mountains -The German Luftwaffe bombed the city and practically destroyed every building -Stalin ordered his namesake protected at all costs -Germany had occupied 90% of the city when winter set in during 1942 -The Soviets now encircled the Germans in the city cutting off their supplies -Germans in Stalingrad surrendered in January 1943 -In all, the Soviets loss more than 1 million defending the city -The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviets now advanced on Germany -Stalin was pressuring the British and US to open a second front against Germany in Western Europe, but the leaders did not believe they had enough troop power to launch a successful invasion -Instead, they launched Operation Torch into North Africa led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower -In November 1942, 107,000 troops landed in Casablanca, Morocco and Algiers to fight against the Afrika Korps of Gen. Erwin Rommel the “Desert Fox” -Germany surrendered in Africa by May of 1943 -Before the Battle of North Africa was over Churchill and Roosevelt met in Casablanca to discuss the outcomes of the war and where to launch the next attack -Decided to accept only terms of an unconditional surrender from Germany and to launch an invasion into Italy -After the capture of Sicily in the summer of 1943, the King of Italy Victor Emmanuel III had Mussolini arrested, he would later be sentenced to death -Italy would not be totally free of German forces until 1945, when Germany was on the verge of collapse -Operation Overlord became the plan to invade France and free Western Europe -Dwight D. Eisenhower was in charge of the plan for D-Day -Over 3 million American, British, and Canadian troops would be used in the invasion at Normandy -Staged a phantom army to invade the Port of Calais to throw off German intelligence -June 6, 1944 became the launching date for D-Day, infantry parachuted behind German lines and ships bombarded German entrenchments before the landing on the coast -Casualties were still extremely heavy, especially on Omaha Beach -General Omar Bradley was able to launch a campaign at St. Lo that breached enemy lines and allowed George Patton to lead the Third Army south of Paris to the Seine River -Paris would be liberated on August 25th of 1944 -By September of 1944, France, Belgium, and Luxembourg were all free of German forces and FDR was reelected to a fourth term in office -The Battle of the Bulge was Hitler’s last attempt to break Allied lines and split British and American troops -Used tanks and planes to create a 60 mile bulge near Aachen in Germany -After one month the line was restored; Germany lost 120,000 troops, 600 tanks, and 1,600 planes and the final major war effort -120 US POW’s were killed during the battle -The Soviets were the first to come across the Nazi death camps in Poland finding thousands of starving prisoners and evidence of the death left behind by the Germans -By April 25th, the Soviets were pushing into Berlin and German soldiers were attempting to flee; many were shot by their own officers for treason -On April 30th, Hitler and his wife Eva Braun committed suicide, their bodies would be burned by German officers in accordance with orders from Hitler -On May 8, 1945 V-E Day or Victory in Europe was celebrated -A month earlier of April 12th, the president died from a stroke and Harry Truman assumed the Presidency The War in the Pacific -Japanese officials now turned to Kamikaze or suicide plane attacks to try and destroy American ships during the Battle of Leyte Gulf off the coast of the Philippines -They lost another 4 aircraft carriers, 13 cruisers, and 500 planes in the battle -In April of 1945 at the Battle of Okinawa, the US lost 7,600 compared to the 110,000 Japanese who died; many committed suicide refusing to surrender -Many British and Americans believed that taking the Japanese Islands would cost more then 1 million American lives and over 500,000 British -The Atomic Bomb, successfully tested in July of 1945 under the supervision of Robert Oppenheimer now seemed a logical option for Pres. Truman -On August 6, 1945 the Enola Gay dropped Little Boy over Hiroshima -Three days later Fat Man was dropped over the city of Nagasaki -The loss of life and devastation was horrifying -Japan surrendered to the US on September 2, 1945 aboard the USS Missouri -At the Yalta Conference, Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin sat down to discuss post-war Europe -Stalin demanded a Germany divided into occupation zones, while Churchill argued against it -Roosevelt acted as mediator knowing he needed Stalin to help against Japan and to help support his vision of a United Nations -The Nuremberg War Trials would see 12 of the 24 surviving, captured Nazi leaders sentenced to death for war crimes associated with Nazi death camps -Mac Arthur was left in chare of the rebuilding of occupied Japan, which would last for 7 years -He established a free-market economy and a democracy known as the Mac Arthur Constitution -After the war, the GI Bill helped to send millions of troops to college and job training -The Japanese American Citizens League pushed for repayment of losses due to Japanese forced relocation into internment camps in America during the war -Only about 1/10th would be repayed Name: Date: Period: -Hitler-Non-Aggression Pact-Blitzkrieg-Baltic States-Maginot Line-Dunkirk-Italy-De Gaulle-Operation Sea Lion-Battle of Britain-Erwin Rommel-Hitler and E. Europe-Battle of Leningrad-Atlantic Charter-Lend Lease Act-Japan-Manchuria-Yamamoto-Pearl Harbor-Japanese Conquest-Doolittle-Battle of Coral Sea-Mac Arthur-Battle of Guadalcanal-Battle of Stalingrad-Operation Torch-Afrika Korps-Meeting at Casablanca-Mussolini-Operation Overlord-Eisenhower-D-Day-Allied victory in Paris-Battle of the Bulge-Death Camps-Hitler’s Suicide-V-E Day-Kamikaze-Battle of Okinawa-Atomic Bomb-Robert Oppenheimer -Enola Gay-Yalta Conference-Nuremberg Trials- -Mac Arthur Hon World History Chapter 16 Study Guide Name: Date: Period: Hon World History Chapter 16 Section 1 Notes Hitler’s Lightning War -After Hitler reclaimed _______, the_________, and the Sudetenland, he now had his eyes set on the ______ Corridor and the port city of ______ -The ___-_________ Pact signed between ______ and ______ had vowed the two nations would not _______ each other in a time of war -_______ the two nations laid out plans to divide ______ between them, with the Soviets reclaiming _______ and the ______ nations of Latvia, __________, and _______ -_______ and _______ vowed that an attack on Poland would mean war -On September 1, 1939 Hitler launched his invasion into Poland using a new war technique he called a __________ or __________ war -______ softened the infrastructure of major ______ and ___ targets, while _____ and personnel carriers _______ occupied regions caught off guard -_______________ German ________ invaded Poland during the assault -On _______ France and Britain declared war on Germany, but could offer no help to the Poles; Germany had taken the __________ half of the nation -On Sept. 17 Stalin invaded the __________ half of Poland and soon took the nations of the _______ States -______ proved to be more difficult as they fought on ___ during the harsh winter -For________, French and British troops sat across the Germans along the ______ ____ with no fighting, became known as the “_____ ___” or Germans called it the _________ -Then on April 9, 1940, Hitler launched an invasion capturing ________ in 4 hours and _______ two months later -Planned to build _____ along the two ________ to attack ________ from -Hitler now split his army and attacked through________, Holland, and ____________ -The other half swept through the _________ ______where there was little French _________ due to the denseness of the forest -Within weeks, the German army had _________ most of ______ and pushed British and French defenders to the beaches at ________, where they were surrounded -The ___________ of Dunkirk saw the rescue of over ________ soldiers using 850 ______ of every variety and civilians under intense German fire -_____ entered the war against France and Britain on June 10th and attacked France from the _____ -On June 14th _____ fell and on June 22nd the country surrendered to German __________ -Charles __ _______ set up a Free French Government in _______ and commanded French _________ fighters from there -After the defeat of France, ______ now turned his attention to Britain -___________ vowed that the nation would never give in to the Nazis -Operation ___ _____ became the code name for Hitler’s planned _________ of Britain -First, he wanted to knock out the ______ ___ ______ and then land 250,000 _______ to occupy the nation -The RAF was outnumbered ______ to _______ -At first, Hitler concentrated on ________ and ________ to try and cripple the Br. -Then he began to bomb_____, like______, focusing on civilians to try and hurt Br. _______ -With the creation of _____ in the late 1930’s and a German ______ in their possession, the British were able to _______-______ and coordinate defenses -Sustaining _____ losses during the daytime, Hitler began bombing at _____ -Eventually, the Battle of Britain ended on ____________ with Hitler turning his attention to _______ Europe -During the Battle of Britain, _____ launched a campaign into _____ _______ to try and capture the _____ ______ and valuable ____ fields -The British pushed the Italians back ____ _____ and were on the move, until Hitler sent Erwin ______ known as the ______ ____ and his ______ _____ -Eventually, Rommel pushed _______ out of most of North Africa -Hitler now looked to secure the _______ for his planned invasion of the ______ ______ -_________, Romania, and _______ all cooperated with the Germans -_____________ and _______ were forced to surrender in April of 1941 -Had pro-_______ governments at the time On June 22, 1941 Hitler launched Operation ___________ or the invasion of the Soviet Union with a __________ -The Soviets were not able to muster a _______ and Hitler pushed into Soviet territory ___________ -The Soviets did use a ________ ______ policy leaving nothing ______ for the German army to use -The Battle of ________ saw the city cut off from all _______ and the citizens were force to endure a horrible winter -More than _________ would die, but the Germans would never capture the city -An attack on _______ proven to be ineffective, as the German were equipped for a _______ attack and not ready for the harsh Russian ______ -Hitler would lose more than _________ soldiers in the invasion -In the summer of 1941, _________ and Churchill met in ____________ to discuss US entry into the war -The ________ ________vowed the ______ nations would be able to ____ their own governments after the war -Roosevelt ordered the destruction of all German ___________ on sight -US passed the _____-______ Act in March of 1941 Japan Strikes in the Pacific -In the late 1890’s and early 1900’s, Japan began to build an empire to help with overcrowding and find new sources of raw materials -In 1931, the Japanese took over Manchuria and soon began to expand across China and SE Asia -Eventually, would control a large portion of the Pacific Rim -As Japan expanded, the US funded China and cut of oil to Japan after their conquest of French Indochina -US intelligence intercepted codes that indicated Japan was going to target the US Philippines and Guam -Isoroku Yamamoto saw Pearl Harbor in Hawaii as the greatest threat to Japanese success in the Pacific -On December 7, 1941 the Japanese launched an attack at Pearl Harbor catching the US off guard, despite numerous indications an attack was imminent -The attack lasted two hours and saw 18 ships sunk or damaged and 2,400 dead -Another 1000 were wounded -The Japanese onslaught quickly began and they captured more than 1 million square miles of land and controlled 150 million people -On April 16, 1942 the US sent bombers under the command of James Doolittle to bomb Tokyo in revenge for the attack on Pearl Harbor -Proved that the Japanese were not invincible -In early May 1942, the US and Australia turned back an attempt by the Japanese to capture a port in New Guinea that would of allowed an attack into Australia -Known as the Battle of the Coral Sea -The US now intercepted a code indicating an attack at Midway Island by 150 Japanese ships -Pacific Fleet Commander Chester Nimitz was prepared for the attack and despite being outnumbered destroyed 332 planes and all four Japanese aircraft carriers involved -Served as the turning point in the war in the Pacific -Douglas MacArthur, Commander of allied forces in the Pacific now coordinated a policy of island hopping where the US would take islands one at a time and use them as a launching point -The Battle of Guadalcanal would be one of the bloodiest in the war with causality rates over 50% for both sides The Allies are Victorious -The German army had been fighting in the Soviet Union since June of 1941 -A stalemate existed between the two sides outside the cities of Moscow and Leningrad -Germany now turned their attention to Stalingrad a valuable manufacturing center on the Volga River and the oil fields in the Caucasus Mountains -The German Luftwaffe bombed the city and practically destroyed every building -Stalin ordered his namesake protected at all costs -Germany had occupied 90% of the city when winter set in during 1942 -The Soviets now encircled the Germans in the city cutting off their supplies -Germans in Stalingrad surrendered in January 1943 -In all, the Soviets loss more than 1 million defending the city -The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviets now advanced on Germany -Stalin was pressuring the British and US to open a second front against Germany in Western Europe, but the leaders did not believe they had enough troop power to launch a successful invasion -Instead, they launched Operation Torch into North Africa led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower -In November 1942, 107,000 troops landed in Casablanca, Morocco and Algiers to fight against the Afrika Korps of Gen. Erwin Rommel the “Desert Fox” -Germany surrendered in Africa by May of 1943 -Before the Battle of North Africa was over Churchill and Roosevelt met in Casablanca to discuss the outcomes of the war and where to launch the next attack -Decided to accept only terms of an unconditional surrender from Germany and to launch an invasion into Italy -After the capture of Sicily in the summer of 1943, the King of Italy Victor Emmanuel III had Mussolini arrested, he would later be sentenced to death -Italy would not be totally free of German forces until 1945, when Germany was on the verge of collapse -Operation Overlord became the plan to invade France and free Western Europe -Dwight D. Eisenhower was in charge of the plan for D-Day -Over 3 million American, British, and Canadian troops would be used in the invasion at Normandy -Staged a phantom army to invade the Port of Calais to throw off German intelligence -June 6, 1944 became the launching date for D-Day, infantry parachuted behind German lines and ships bombarded German entrenchments before the landing on the coast -Casualties were still extremely heavy, especially on Omaha Beach -General Omar Bradley was able to launch a campaign at St. Lo that breached enemy lines and allowed George Patton to lead the Third Army south of Paris to the Seine River -Paris would be liberated on August 25th of 1944 -By September of 1944, France, Belgium, and Luxembourg were all free of German forces and FDR was reelected to a fourth term in office -The Battle of the Bulge was Hitler’s last attempt to break Allied lines and split British and American troops -Used tanks and planes to create a 60 mile bulge near Aachen in Germany -After one month the line was restored; Germany lost 120,000 troops, 600 tanks, and 1,600 planes and the final major war effort -120 US POW’s were killed during the battle -The Soviets were the first to come across the Nazi death camps in Poland finding thousands of starving prisoners and evidence of the death left behind by the Germans -By April 25th, the Soviets were pushing into Berlin and German soldiers were attempting to flee; many were shot by their own officers for treason -On April 30th, Hitler and his wife Eva Braun committed suicide, their bodies would be burned by German officers in accordance with orders from Hitler -On May 8, 1945 V-E Day or Victory in Europe was celebrated -A month earlier of April 12th, the president died from a stroke and Harry Truman assumed the Presidency The War in the Pacific -Japanese officials now turned to Kamikaze or suicide plane attacks to try and destroy American ships during the Battle of Leyte Gulf off the coast of the Philippines -They lost another 4 aircraft carriers, 13 cruisers, and 500 planes in the battle -In April of 1945 at the Battle of Okinawa, the US lost 7,600 compared to the 110,000 Japanese who died; many committed suicide refusing to surrender -Many British and Americans believed that taking the Japanese Islands would cost more then 1 million American lives and over 500,000 British -The Atomic Bomb, successfully tested in July of 1945 under the supervision of Robert Oppenheimer now seemed a logical option for Pres. Truman -On August 6, 1945 the Enola Gay dropped Little Boy over Hiroshima -Three days later Fat Man was dropped over the city of Nagasaki -The loss of life and devastation was horrifying -Japan surrendered to the US on September 2, 1945 aboard the USS Missouri -At the Yalta Conference, Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin sat down to discuss post-war Europe -Stalin demanded a Germany divided into occupation zones, while Churchill argued against it -Roosevelt acted as mediator knowing he needed Stalin to help against Japan and to help support his vision of a United Nations -The Nuremberg War Trials would see 12 of the 24 surviving, captured Nazi leaders sentenced to death for war crimes associated with Nazi death camps -Mac Arthur was left in chare of the rebuilding of occupied Japan, which would last for 7 years -He established a free-market economy and a democracy known as the Mac Arthur Constitution -After the war, the GI Bill helped to send millions of troops to college and job training -The Japanese American Citizens League pushed for repayment of losses due to Japanese forced relocation into internment camps in America during the war -Only about 1/10th would be repayed