* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Name: :__
Survey
Document related concepts
Ecological fitting wikipedia , lookup
Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project wikipedia , lookup
Occupancy–abundance relationship wikipedia , lookup
Introduced species wikipedia , lookup
Biogeography wikipedia , lookup
Storage effect wikipedia , lookup
Biodiversity action plan wikipedia , lookup
Island restoration wikipedia , lookup
Latitudinal gradients in species diversity wikipedia , lookup
Habitat conservation wikipedia , lookup
Theoretical ecology wikipedia , lookup
River ecosystem wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Name:_______________________________________________________________Date_________Per:__ MIDTERM REVIEW: CHAPTERS 1,4,5,6, & 7 Question 1. Answer Define environmental science. An interdisciplinary study of how the earth works, how humans are affecting the earth’s life-support systems, and how to deal with the environmental problems we face 2. What type of growth starts slowly but grows very rapidly? Exponential (could you recognize this on a graph) 3. What term describes the amount of land needed to support a person’s lifestyle? Ecological Footprint 4. Why is pollution prevention more sustainable than pollution clean-up? 5. What does it mean to live sustainably? 6. 7. What are the 4 R’s? What 3 factors does life on Earth depend on? 8. Define photosynthesis. 9. List the levels of organization of life from most narrow to most broad. clean-up efforts often transfer pollutants from one part of the environment to another, once pollutants are dispersed, it costs too much to reduce them to acceptable levels, it’s nearly impossible to clean-up all of the pollution in an area Protecting our resources/capital – living off our natural interest Reduce, reuse, recycle, refuse gravity, one way flow of energy, and cycling of matter 10. What term describes a community of living organisms interacting with one another and their nonliving environment? 11. Define abiotic and biotic, and provide examples of each. 12. Define producer, consumer, and decomposer. 13. Differentiate between a primary consumer and a secondary consumer. 14. Why do most ecosystems have a maximum 4 or 5 trophic levels? 15. What are the reactants (ingredients) for aerobic respirations? 16. What is the name for the diagram that demonstrates the complex arrangements of feeding patterns in conversion of solar energy into chemical energy organisms - populations - communities - ecosystems – biosphere Ecosystem Abiotic – non-living factors (temp, pH, sunlight, soil) Biotic – living factors (bacteria, plants, animals) Producer – autotrophs - make their own food (photo or chemosynthesis Consumer – heterotrophs – eat other organisms Decomposers – recycle nutrients back into the environment (breakdown bodies of dead plants and animals) Primary consumer is an herbivore, they feed on plants, a secondary consumer feeds on primary consumers Only a small fraction of energy is transferred between each level (about 10%) most is degraded to low quality heat Oxygen and glucose Food web ecosystems? 17. In an energy pyramid, where is most of the energy found (top or bottom)? What is found at the bottom? 18. What range in the range of tolerance would you find organisms thriving and reproducing? (Look at graph) 19. What is the hydrologic cycle? 20. What are the two ways in which humans have most interfered with the carbon cycle? 21. What organisms carry out nitrogen fixation? 22. Why is phosphorus a limiting factor on land? 23. Refining petroleum, smelting metallic minerals, and burning fossil fuels are all ways that humans are adding ________ to the atmosphere? 24. How does sulfur damage plants and animals? 25. How does deforestation affect the carbon cycle? 26. What is transpiration? 27. What did Miller and Urey produce in their experiment? 28. Describe properties of the early atmosphere on Earth. 29. What protects the Earth from damaging UV rays? 30. How do fossils form and why are they important to evolutionary biologists? 31. What term describes the process by which a population becomes better suited to its environment? 32. What happens to two populations of the same species if they are separated from each other for a long time? 33. What are homologous structures? 34. What are vestigial structures? 35. What term describes structures that have the same function but different physical structure? 36. What is coevolution? 37. What did Charles Darwin mean when he used the term “fitness”? 38. List and describe the 3 types of natural selection. 39. Differentiate between geographic and reproductive isolation. Bottom - producers Optimum range The water cycle, the repeated movement of water from the earth to the atmosphere burning fossil fuels and removal of forests and brush. Nitrogen fixing bacteria soils contain low levels or phosphorous limiting plant growth sulfur When it falls to the earth as sulfuric acid in acid rain CO2 levels will increase and less water will be evaporated because transpiration will decrease Evaporation of water from the leaves of plants, important part of the water cycle Amino acids Anaerobic – lacked oxygen, had water vapor, ammonia, hydrogen, methane Ozone layer Insects trapped in amber, impressions, shells, bones etc. They provide scientists with evidence of Earth’s evolutionary history Adaptation They become increasingly different as each adapts to their own environment Structures that have the same structure yet different functions, show evidence of a common ancestor (wing of a bird, arm of a human, flipper of a whale) Structures that no longer have an important role but may have played a role in the past (human tailbone, appendix, Gallo’s pointy ears!) Analogous structures The process in which two or more species become more adapted over time to each other’s presence Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce Stabilizing- the average of a trait remains the same directional- one extreme of a trait becomes the norm disruptive/diversifying- both extremes of a trait become the norm Geographic – physically separated (mountain, river) Reproductive – members of isolated populations become so different in genetic makeup that they cannot produce live, fertile offspring if they are 40. What term describes a single species that has evolved into several different forms that live in different ways? 41. List the characteristics that make life possible on Earth. 42. Differentiate between a niche and a habitat. 43. Differentiate between generalist and specialist species. 44. What term describes average weather conditions over long periods of time? rejoined Adaptative radiation Temperature, presence of water, distance from the sun, size of the planet Niche is like an occupation – it includes, its way of life, what it does, what it eats Habitat is an address – where an organism lives Generalist – have broad niches, can live in many places, and use a variety of resource (dandelions, cockroaches, humans) Specialists – have narrow niches, live in only specific places (spotted owls, giant pandas) Climate 45. Define greenhouse effect and list the greenhouse gases discussed in class. the trapping of heat energy in the troposphere by certain gaseous molecules (carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, water vapor) 46. What is a microclimate and what can cause it? Local climatic conditions that differ from the general climate of a region, can be caused by cities, mountains, Low prec on the leeward side of a mountain which causes dry (arid) conditions on this side Grassland, desert, forest Temp and precipitation 47. Describe what is meant by the term rain shadow effect. 48. What are the three main types of biomes? 49. What two factors determine the distribution of biomes across the world? 50. What are some characteristics of desert plants and animals? Plants - becoming dormant during dry periods, deep root systems, widespread, shallow root systems, spines to prevent being eaten by animals Animals - living underground during the heat of the day, becoming dormant during periods of extreme heat or drought, having thick outer coverings to minimize water loss 51. What are some additional names of a cold forest? 52. List plant and animal species for each biome, and describe how they are adapted to living in their particular biome. 53. Which aquatic life zone is referred to as the “rainforest of the ocean” and how much of the ocean floor do they occupy? Boreal, coniferous, evergreen, taiga Example: oak, hickory, maple = deciduous forest…. 54. List the fresh and saltwater life zones. Fresh: river, steam, lake, pond Salt: ocean, estuary, coral reef Coastal zone 55. What zone of the ocean extends from the high tide mark to the edge of the continental shelf? 56. What zone is found in the deepest part of the ocean? 57. Where does most photosynthesis occur on Earth? 58. Describe the various zones found in a lake. Coral reefs, 0.2% important because: support a large variety of marine species, provide food, jobs, and building materials, protect coastlines from erosion Abyssal zone Euphotic or photic zone Littoral - nutrient-rich water near the shore Limnetic – open, sunlit water surface layer away from the shore, produces food and oxygen 59. Describe the nutrient contents of oligotrophic, eutropic, and mesotrophic lakes. 60. Differentiate between species richness and species abundance. 61. Define the term keystone species. 62. What is the most common form of interspecific species interactions? 63. Define indicator species and describe an example of one. 64. What is resource partitioning? 65. List and describe the 5 kinds of species interactions. 66. Explain why predator/prey relationships are often described as an “arms race”. 67. What are some methods predators use to capture prey? 68. What are some methods prey use to avoid being captured? Profundal zone- deep, open water with no photosynthesis, fish adapted to cooler, darker water are found here Benthic zone – bottom of a lake Oligo – poorly nourished, Low NPP (clear, blue) Eu – well nourished, High NPP (murky) Meso – middle(greenish in summer) Richness/diversity – is the number of different species Abundance – number of individuals of each species Species that play a critical role in an ecosystem Competition species that serve as early warnings that a community or ecosystem is being damaged. Ex: birds, trout Species with similar resource requirements can coexist because they use limited resources at different times, in different ways, in different places Interspecific competition (-/-) Predation (+/-) Parasitism (+/-) Mutualism (+/+) Commensalism (+/0) Predators get better at catching prey, prey get better at avoiding capture Pursuit and ambush Camouflage, warning colors, chemical warfare, mimicry, behavior 69. What term describes the ability of an ecosystem to “bounce back” after a disturbance? Resilience 70. Differentiate and give examples of primary and secondary succession. Primary – starts on bare rock (volcanic eruption, glacier retreating) may take several centuries to several thousands of years start with lichen and mosses Secondary – begins on soil (forest fire) Species that normally do not live in an area (accidentally or purposefully introduced), may thrive and outcompete native species due to lack of natural predators in that area (cane toads, killer bees, Burmese pythons) Intraspecific is between members of the same species 71. What is a nonnative (or an alien or exotic) species? 72. How is intraspecific competition different from interspecific competition? 73. Describe the edge effect? 74. What is a climatogram and what data is found on one? Differences in physical appearance at boundaries between ecosystems (example between forest and open field) Graph with a double Y axis that shows average temp and precipitation (temp = line graph, precipitation = bar)