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INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY The Basic Muscles FUNCTIONS OF A SKELETON: *Movement *Protection *Support *Supply Movement…. Where bones meet we form joints. In combination with muscles, we create movement. Bones move because of joints and muscles. E.g. elbow moved by biceps Protection… Protection of internal organs. Eg. The cranium protects our brain Support… The skeleton supports organs and tissues of the body or else they would collapse. Eg. Spine supports the head and trunk Storage and Supply… The bones are a place that store minerals that the body needs. Eg. Calcium in bones Red and white blood cells are produced in bone marrow Eg. Femur produces RBC THE INCREDIBLE MACHINE Anatomical Position… There are four key features to remember: 1. The palms face forward 2. The body is upright 3. The thumb points outward 4. The face is forward Planes of the Body…. CORONAL (FRONTAL) separates the body into anterior and posterior parts SAGGITAL (MEDIAL) separates body into right and left parts HORIZONTAL (TRANSVERSE) separates the body into superior and inferior parts Anatomical Terms of Direction *Anterior The front of the body or limb E.g. The chest is on the anterior of the body *Posterior The back of the body or limb E.g. The buttocks are on the posterior of the body *Superior Higher above (top) or on top of E.g. The head is superior to the neck *Inferior Lower (bottom) below or beneath E.g. The neck is inferior to the head Anatomical terms cont. *Medial Towards the midline of the body E.g. The big toe is the medial aspect of the foot *Lateral Further away from the midline, towards the outside of the body E.g. The thumb is the lateral part of the hand *Distal Further away from the trunk (limbs) e.g. The wrist is distal to the elbow *Proximal Closer to the body (limbs) E.g. The shoulder is proximal to the elbow FLEXION Flexion is bending a joint so the bones either side of the joint are drawn together Good example of hip flexion Shoulder Flexion Elbow Flexion is bending a joint so the bones either side of the joint are drawn together EXTENSION Extension is straightening the joint so the bones either side of the joint are drawn apart. Elbow extension Wrist extension Extension Extension is straightening the joint so the bones either side of the joint are drawn apart. EXTENSION OF THE KNEE – NOT MEANT TO HAPPEN ABDUCTION/ADDUCTION Abduction is moving the bone away from the middle of the body (taking away from the midline). Adduction is moving the bone towards the middle of the body (adding to the midline). Abduction Abduction is moving the bone away from the middle of the body. Hip abduction Adduction Hip adduction Adduction is moving the bone towards the middle of the body. It is the opposite of abduction. Shoulder adduction Abducted- getting taken away from earth…in PE abducted taking away from body. SUPINATION/PRONATION PRO BASKETBALL PLAYER HOLDING A BOWL OF SOUP Dorsiflexion & Plantarflexion Dorsiflexion: Movement that involves pulling the toes upwards towards the tibia. Plantarflexion: Movement that involves pointing the toes downwards. INVERSION/EVERSION Circumduction Circumduction is a circular movement to describe limbs, involving a combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. For example, arm circumduction means moving the whole arm at the shoulder so that the hand traces out a circular shape.