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Nervous System 11-15 Organization of the Nervous System 1. Choose the key responses that best correspond to the descriptions provided in the following statements. Insert the appropriate letter in the answer blanks. a. somatic nervous system (SNS) b. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) c. central nervous system (CNS) d. peripheral nervous system (PNS) _____ 1. Nervous system subdivision that is composed of the brain and spinal cord _____ 2. Subdivision of the PNS that controls voluntary activities such as the activation of skeletal muscles _____ 3. Nervous system subdivision that is composed of the cranial and spinal nerves and ganglia _____ 4. Subdivision of the PNS that regulates the activity of the heart and smooth muscle and of glands; it is also called the involuntary nervous system _____ 5. A major subdivision of the nervous system that interprets incoming information and issues orders _____ 6. A major subdivision of the nervous system that serves as communication lines, linking all parts of the body to the CNS Neurons 2. Using key choices, select the terms identified in the following descriptions by inserting the appropriate letter in the spaces provided. a. synapse b. Schwann cells c. ganglion d. neurotransmitters e. nodes of Ranvier f. cutaneous sense organs _____ 1. Sensory receptors found in the skin, which are specialized to detect temperature, pressure changes, and pain _____ 2. Specialized cells that myelinate the fibers of neurons found in the PNS _____ 3. Gaps in a myelin sheath _____ 4. Junction or point of close contact between neurons _____ 5. Collection of nerve cell bodies found outside the CNS _____ 6. Chemicals released by neurons that stimulate other neurons, muscles, or glands 1 3. Figure 11-1 is a diagram of a neuron. First, label the parts indicated on the illustration by leader lines. Then choose different colors for each of the structures listed below and use them to color in the coding circles and corresponding structures in the illustration. Next, circle the term in the list of three terms to the left of the diagram that best describes this neuron’s structural class. Finally draw arrows on the figure to indicate the direction of impulse transmission along the neuron’s membrane. axon dendrites cell body myelin sheath Unipolar Bipolar Multipolar Figure 11-1 2 4. Relative to neuron anatomy, match the anatomical terms given in Column B with the appropriate descriptions of function provided in Column A. Place the correct letter response in the answer blanks. Column A Column B _____ 1. Releases neurotransmitters _____ 2. Conducts electrical currents toward the cell body a. b. c. d. e. myelin sheath dendrite cell body axon terminal axon _____ 3. Increases the speed of impulse transmission _____ 4. Location of the nucleus _____ 5. Generally conducts impulses away from the cell body Membrane Potentials 5. Using the key choices, identify the terms defined in the following statements. Place the correct letter response in the answer blanks. a. sodium-potassium pump b. sodium ions c. repolarization d. polarized e. depolarization f. action potential g. refractory period h. potassium ions _____ 1. Period of repolarization of the neuron during which it cannot respond to a second stimulus _____ 2. State in which the resting potential is reversed as sodium ions rush into the neuron _____ 3. Electrical condition of the plasma membrane of a resting neuron _____ 4. Period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron _____ 5. Transmission of the depolarization wave along the neuron’s membrane _____ 6. The chief positive intracellular ion in a resting neuron _____ 7. Process by which ATP is used to move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions back into the cell; completely restores the resting conditions of the neuron 3 Cerebral Hemispheres 6. Complete the following statements by inserting your answers in the answer blanks. ____________________ 1. The largest part of the human brain is the (paired) _1_. The other major subdivisions of the brain are the _2_ and the _3_. The cavities found in ____________________ 2. the brain are called _4_. They contain _5_. ____________________ 3. ____________________ 4. ____________________ 5. 7. Figure 12-1 is a diagram of the right lateral view of the human brain. First, match the letters on the diagram with the following list of terms and insert the appropriate letters in the answer blanks. Then, select different colors for each of the areas of the brain provided with a color-coding circle and use them to color in the coding circles and corresponding structures in the diagram. _____ 1. frontal lobe _____ 5. medulla _____ 2. parietal lobe _____ 6. occipital lobe _____ 3. temporal lobe _____ 7. pons _____ 4. cerebellum Figure 12-1 4 Homeostatic Imbalances of the Brain 8. Match the brain disorders listed in Column B with the conditions described in Column A. Place the correct answers in the answer blanks. Column A Column B _____ 1. Slight and transient brain injury _____ 2. Traumatic injury that destroys brain tissue _____ 3. Total nonresponsiveness to stimulation _____ 4. After head injury, retention of water by brain a. b. c. d. contusion concussion coma cerebrovascular accident (CVA) e. cerebral edema f. Alzheimer’s disease Structure of the Eyeball 9. Using the key choices, identify the parts of the eye described in the following statements. Insert the correct letter response in the answer blanks. a. b. c. d. e. f. vitreous humor suspensory ligament sclera cornea retina choroid coat g. iris h. fovea i. ciliary body j. optic disk k. lens l. aqueous humor _____ 1. Attaches the lens to the ciliary body _____ 2. Fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye; provides nutrients to the lens and cornea _____ 3. The “white” of the eye _____ 4. Area of the retina that lacks photoreceptors; the blind spot _____ 5. Contains muscle that controls the shape of the lens _____ 6. Nutritive (vascular) tunic of the eye _____ 7. Tunic, containing the rods and cones _____ 8. Gel-like substance filling the posterior cavity of the eyeball; helps to reinforce the eyeball _____ 9. Heavily pigmented tunic that prevents light scattering within the eye _____ 10. Colored part of the eye _____ 11. Area of acute or discriminatory vision _____ 12. A transparent, flexible structure that can change shape to allow precise focusing _____ 13. Anteriormost part of the sclera, your “window on the world” _____ 14. Tunic composed of tough, white fibrous connective tissue 5 The Ear: Hearing and Balance 10. Using the key choices, select the terms that apply to the following descriptions. Place the correct letter in the answer blanks. a. b. c. d. e. f. tympanic membrane auditory tube semicircular canals hammer (malleus) pinna anvil (incus) g. round window h. stirrup (stapes) i. oval window j. external auditory canal l. cochlea _____ 1. _____ 2. _____ 3. Structures composing the outer ear _____ 4. _____ 5. _____ 6. Collectively called the ossicles _____ 7. Ear structure not involved with hearing _____ 8. Allows pressure in the middle ear to be equalized with the atmospheric pressure _____ 9. Vibrates as sound waves hit it; transmits the vibrations to the ossicles _____ 10. Contains the organ of Corti _____ 11. Connects with the nasopharynx and the middle ear _____ 12. Contain receptors for the sense of equilibrium _____ 13. Transmits the vibrations from the stirrup to the fluid in the inner ear 6