Download Cellular respiration

Cellular
Respiration
Respiration
• The transfer of stored
energy in food molecules to
a form usable by the
organism
• Involves the exchange of
gases between the
organism and the
environment
Process
• Through the process of
respiration, the organism
produces adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) which
will be used for energy
1. Cellular Respiration
• Involves a series of
enzyme-controlled
reactions in which energy in
food is broken down into
energy that the organism
can use (ATP)
a) When ATP is broken down,
energy is released and ADP is
formed
ADP = adenosine diphosphate
H2O + ATP  ADP + P + energy
• This is the energy used by the
body to carry out the functions of
life
Types of Respiration
1. Aerobic Respiration
-involves the use of oxygen
2. Anaerobic Respiration
-oxygen is not used
Anaerobic Respiration
• Also known as Fermentation
• Does not require oxygen
• Takes place in the cytoplasm of cell
• Glucose is either broken down into
lactic acid or alcohol and CO2
• As a result of anaerobic
respiration, there is a net gain of
2 ATP’s
Equations for
Anaerobic Respiration
glucose
 2 lactic acids + 2 ATP’s
glucose  2 alcohol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP’s
• In each equation, enzymes are used and
a net gain of 2 ATP’s are produced
Anaerobic Respiration
“Lactic Acid Fermentation”
+2 ATP
Glucose
Pyruvic
acid
Lactic
Acid
4 ATP
“Lactic Acid Fermentation
Anaerobic Respiration
“Alcoholic Fermentation”
+2 ATP
Glucose
Pyruvic
acid
“Alcoholic Fermentation”
Alcohol + CO2
4 ATP
Aerobic Respiration
• Requires oxygen
• Takes place in the
mitochondria
• When we say that glucose
is oxidized, we say that it is
broken down with the help
of oxygen molecules
Equation for
Aerobic Respiration
glucose + O2  H2O + CO2 + 36 ATP’s
• Again, enzymes are used and a
net of 36 ATP’s are produced
Aerobic Respiration
-2 ATP
Glucose
Pyruvic
+
acid
O2
+4 ATP
Water + CO2
+34 ATP
***Net Gain = 36 ATPs***
Summary
• Anaerobic Respiration = 2 ATP’s
• Aerobic Respiration = 36 ATP’s
• Therefore, Aerobic respiration is more
efficient than anaerobic respiration
Adaptations for
taking in gases and
materials for
Cellular Respiration
Monera, Protista, and Fungi
• Gas exchange
occurs by
diffusion
through a
thin, moist
cell
membrane
Plants
• Leaves- have stomates
for gas exchange
• Stems- have lenticels
for gas exchange, and
xylem and phloem for
transport of materials.
• Roots- gas exchange
occurs across a moist
membrane of root
hairs (diffusion)
Hydra
• Each cell of the
hydra is in
contact with the
watery
environment and
gas exchange
occurs by
diffusion
Earthworm
• Secretes mucus on skin to
keep it moist
• The moist surface allows
the diffusion of gases
through the skin and into
and out of the blood
(capillaries)
• Blood in the capillaries
“pick up” the oxygen and
transport it to the cells of
the organism.
• Hemoglobin aids in the
transport of oxygen to
body cells.
Grasshopper
•
•
•
•
•
Blood does not play a role in
the transport of oxygen or
carbon dioxide
(no hemoglobin)
Gas exchange and transport is
accomplished by tracheal
tubes.
Access to tracheal tubes is
through the spiracles.
Spiracles are openings located
on the tracheal tubes that
allow for gas exchange
between the organism and the
environment.
Once oxygen is in the tracheal
tubes, it diffuses through the
moist membrane of the tube
and into the cells.
Human Respiratory and Circulatory
Systems