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Name ______________________ Hour _____ 3rd Quarter 7th Grade Science-Study Guide “I Can” statement 1. State the parts of the cell theory. STUDENT RESPONSES 1.ALL ORGANISMS ARE MADE OF ONE OR MORE CELLS 2.THE CELL IS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIVING THINGS 3.ALL CELLS COME FROM EXISTING CELLS 2. State how different 1. HOOKE – FIRST TO DESCRIBE CELLS IN 1665 scientists contributed 2. VAN LEEUWENHOEK – LOOKED AT ANIMAL BLOOD CELLS AND to the cell theory. EUGLENA AND YEAST (BACTERIA)- SINGLE CELLED ORGANISMS 3. SCHLEIDEN – STUDIED PLANTS AND CONCLUDED PLANTS ARE MADE OF CELLS 4. SCHWANN – STUDIED ANIMALS ARE CONCLUDED THAT ALL ANIMALS ARE MADE OF CELLS 5 VIRCHOW - STATED THAT CELLS COME FROM EXISTING CELLS (THIRD PART) 3. Describe the differences between single-celled and multicellular organisms. SINGLE CELLED ORGANISMS ONLY CONTAIN THEIR ORGANELLES. WHEN THAT CELL DIES, THE ORGANISM DIES. CAN BE EUKARYOTES (WITH NUCLEUS) OR PROKARYOTES. (NO NUCLEUS) MULTICELLULAR –MADE OF MANY CELLS. SOME MAY BE SPECIALIZED, WHEN A CELL DIES, THE SYSTEM MAKES MORE. CAN ONLY BE EUKARYOTES.(WITH NUCLEUS) 1 Name ______________________ Hour _____ 4. Explain the 4 levels 1.CELL – SMALLEST UNIT ABLE TO CARRY ON LIVING FUNCTIONS of organization of living 2.TISSUE – MADE UP OF CELLS WITH A COMMON FUNCTION things. 3.ORGAN – TISSUES WORKING TOGETHER TO PERFORM A COMMON FUNCTION 4.ORGAN SYSTEM – GROUPS OF ORGANS WORKING TOGETHER TO PERFORM A FUNCTION 5. Describe how organs and organ systems serve the needs of cells. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM BRINGS IN OXYGEN WHICH RED BLOOD CELLS USE TO CARRY ON THEIR FUNCTIONS. MUSCLE CELLS ALSO USE OXYGEN TO CONTRACT AND MOVE THE BODY (SKELETAL SYSTEM) THE BIG (ORGAN SYSTEMS) FUNCTIONS TO SERVE THE NEEDS OF THE SMALL (CELLS) 6. Explain how materials are passed in and out of cells. DIFFUSION: THE MOVEMENT OF ANYTHING INTO AND OUT OF THE CELL (HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO LOWER CONCENTRATION) THIS IS PASSIVE TRANSPORT. OSMOSIS: THE MOVEMENT OF WATER INTO AND OUT OF THE CELL THROUGH A SEMI PERMEABLE MEMBRANE. (HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO LOWER CONCENTRATION) THIS IS PASSIVE TRANSPORT. ACTIVE TRANSPORT: THE MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES FROM LOWER CONCENTRATION TO HIGHER CONCENTRATION REQUIRING ENERGY TO BE USED FROM THE CELL (ATP) INCLUDES EXOCYTOSIS AND ENDOCYTOSIS. 7. Describe how nutrients are used by cells. NUTRIENTS ARE USED BY CELLS FOR BUILDING STRUCTURES AND MAKING SPECIALIZED MOLECULES LIKE ATP (ENERGY) 2 8. Explain the basic functions of cells. Name ______________________ Hour _____ CELLS MAKING UP AN ORGAN/ORGAN SYSTEM ARE ALL THE SAME, THEY WORK TOGETHER TO PERFORM A SIMILAR FUNCTION, AND BEGAN AS UNSPECIALIZED CELLS THAT WERE ALL GIVEN THE SAME “PROGRAMMING” INSTRUCTIONS. THEY LIVE, GROW, REPRODUCE, AND GET RID OF WASTE. 9. Describe the process and function of cellular respiration. DRAW AND LABEL (USE YOUR NOTES AND BOOK). THIS IS THE PROCESS OF PRODUCING ENERGY WITH OXYGEN RESPIRATION HAPPENS IN THE MITOCHONDRIA (OF MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS). USES OXYGEN, GLUCOSE AND MAKES ATP, CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER. THE MAIN PURPOSE IS TO PRODUCE ENERGY (ATP) FOR THE CELL. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY (ATP) P.42 IN BOOK 10. Describe the process and function of fermentation. THE PROCESS OF PRODUCING ENERGY WITHOUT OXYGEN, IT USES 11. State where photosynthesis takes place. INSIDE THE CHLOROPLASTS OF GREEN PLANTS (EVEN THOSE IN 12. Explain how growth occurs in multicellular organisms. YOUR BODY PRODUCED MORE CELLS THAN DIED. YOUR BODY USED CO2 IN MUSCLE CELLS LACTIC ACID IS PRODUCED AS A BIPRODUCT. THE WATER) THE EXTRA CELLS AND GREW LARGER. THE CELLS UNDERGO MITOSIS TO GROW. 3 13. Explain how growth occurs in single celled organisms. Name ______________________ Hour _____ IN A SINGLE CELL, THE CELL SIZE SIMPLY GROWS LARGER (THE SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME OF THE CELL GROW). IF THE SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME DON’T GROW IN THE SAME PROPORTION, THE CELL WILL DIE. 14. Compare large and small multi-cellular organisms (in terms of cell numbers). THE LARGER THE ORGANISM, THE MORE CELLS IT HAS. THE CELLS 15. Describe how unspecialized cells (stem cells) become specialized cells. STEM CELLS WAIT FOR A PROTEIN SIGNAL TO TELL THEM WHAT ARE NO LARGER, ONLY MORE OF THEM. TYPE OF CELLS TO BECOME. THEY GO FROM NO DIRECTION (UNSPECIALIZED) TO HAVING DIRECTIONS (SPECIALIZED). THIS IS KNOWN AS DIFFERENTIATION. 16. Explain differentiation. WHEN CELLS RECEIVE PROTEIN SIGNALS, THEY THEN BECOME “DIFFERENT” THAN OTHER CELLS THAT HAVE OTHER JOBS. LIVER CELLS FUNCTION TOGETHER TO MAINTAIN LIVER FUNCTIONS. BRAIN CELLS WORK TOGETHER TO MAINTAIN BRAIN FUNCTION AND SO ON. 17. Explain what sexually reproduced organisms begin as THEY BEGIN AS A FERTILIZED EGG (STEM CELL). SEXUAL REPRODUCTION PROVIDES THE OPPORTUNITY TO HAVE COMPLEX ORGANISMS. CELLS, TISSUES, ORGANS AND ORGAN SYSTEMS DEVELOP WITHIN THESE TYPES OF ORGANISMS MAKING SYSTEMS SPECIALIZED WITH A SPECIFIC JOB. 4 Name ______________________ Hour _____ 18. Describe the process and products of photosynthesis. DRAW AND LABEL BELOW. OCCURS IN GREEN PLANTS. USES CARBON DIOXIDE, LIGHT, AND WATER AND PRODUCES GLUCOSE AND OXYGEN. THE MAIN PURPOSE IS MAKE FOOD FOR THE PLANT (GLUCOSE). THIS TAKES PLACE IN THE CHLOROPLAST OF PLANT CELLS. 6CO2 + 6H2O + LIGHT ENERGY C6H12O6 + 6O2 19. List common plants that contain proteins, carbohydrates, and fat and oils. PROTEINS CARBOHYDRATES FATS & OILS LEGUMES (BEANS) SUGAR CANE OR OLIVE OIL (OLIVES), NUTS (PEANUTS, BEETS, POTATOES, VEGETABLE OIL, ALMONDS, FRUITS, WHEAT OR PEANUT OIL, WALNUTS) GRAIN PRODUCTS AVOCADO (BREAD, PASTA, CRACKERS), VEGGIES 20. List the elements that make up proteins, carbohydrates and fats. 21. Explain the sources necessary for aquatic plants to do photosynthesis. Proteins Carbohydrates Fats & Oils CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN LIGHT, CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER. AQUATIC PLANTS GET THEIR CO2 FROM THE ORGANISMS THAT LIVE IN THE WATER (LIKE FISH) THAT GIVE OFF CO2. THEY PERFORM PHOTOSYNTHESIS JUST LIKE LAND PLANTS. 5 22. Explain the process of how plants make, use, and store food. Name ______________________ Hour _____ USE STORE MAKE PLANTS USE THEY ARE ALIVE THE SEEDS, ROOTS, CARBON DIOXIDE AND GROW, USE NUTS AND FRUITS AND WATER WITH SEEDS ENERGYTO HAVE NUTRIENTS IN LIGHT ENERGY TO GROW ROOTS, THEM; AS PRODUCE GLUCOSE STEMS AND LEAVES NUTRIENTS ARE AND OXYGEN. THE --THEN THE SEED STORED, THE SEEDS, PLANTS CAN THEN SHRIVELS AND ROOTS, NUTS AND USE OR STORE THE DIES; STORED FOOD FRUITS GET LARGER. FOOD. IN ROOTS SHRINKS THE STORED ENERGY AS IT IS USED BY CAN BE USED BY THE PLANT. PLANTS OR EATEN BY ANIMALS 23. Explain the purpose of photosynthesis. TO MAKE FOOD FOR PLANTS (IN THE FORM OF GLUCOSE). THEY USE THIS FOOD FOR THEIR LIFE FUNCTIONS. GROW, MAKING FLOWERS OR SEED, ECT. 24. Describe how you can tell that plants use and store food. YOU CAN TELL THE PLANTS ARE USING THE FOOD THAT THEY STORE BECAUSE THEY ARE ABLE TO GROW AND REPRODUCE. THE STORAGE PLACE (ROOTS) WILL GROW SMALLER AS THE FOOD IS USED. 25. State the formula for photosynthesis. 26. Describe the role light plays in photosynthesis. 6CO2 + 6H2O + LIGHT ENERGY C6H12O6 + 6O2 LIGHT BREAKS THE CARBON DIOXIDE MOLECULES AND THE WATER MOLECULES SO THAT THE REACTION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS CAN OCCUR. 6 27. Describe the offspring of asexual reproduction. Name ______________________ Hour _____ OFFSPRING OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION ARE IDENTICAL TO THE PARENTS. THEY ARE FORMED FROM ONLY ONE CELL AND ARE USUALLY SINGLE CELLED ORGANISMS OR SINGLE CELLS WITHIN YOUR BODY. 28. Describe the offspring of sexual reproduction. OFFSPRING OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION CONTAIN HALF THE HEREDITY MATERIAL FROM EACH PARENT. THESE ORGANISMS ARE USUALLY MORE COMPLEX AND ARE DIVERSE (DIFFERENT) FROM THE REST OF THE POPULATION. THEY DON’T LOOK EXACTLY LIKE EITHER PARENT BUT ARE A COMBINATION OF BOTH. 29. Draw how pollination and fertilization (sexual reproduction) occur in flowers. DRAW AND LABEL BELOW. DRAWINGS WILL VARY. MAIN IDEAS: POLLINATION IS THE TRANSFER OF POLLEN FROM THE ANTHER (MALE STRUCTURE) TO THE STIGMA (THE TOP OF THE FEMALE STRUCTURE). ONCE THIS TRANSFER HAS OCCURRED, THEN POLLINATION HAS OCCURRED. FERTILIZATION OCCURS WHEN THE SPERM (LOCATED WITHIN THE POLLEN GRAIN) TRAVELS THROUGH THE FEMALE STRUCTURE AND FERTILIZES THE EGG FORMING A SEED. AT THAT POINT, FERTILIZATION HAS OCCURRED. THIS IS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS. ANY QUESTION WITH A “TRANSFER OF POLLEN, OR FORMING A SEED FALLS UNDER THIS CATEGORY.” 7 Name ______________________ Hour _____ 30. List examples of organisms that reproduce asexually. MOST OF YOUR BODY’S CELLS (MITOSIS), PROTISTS LIKE AMOEBA, 31. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction. ADVANTAGES: PRODUCES LARGE NUMBERS OF OFFSPRING, NO PARAMECIUM, PLANTS FORMING WITHOUT THE EXCHANGE OF POLLEN (RUNNERS) , OR BACTERIA BINARY FISSION NEED TO FIND A MATE, POSITIVE TRAITS ARE ALWAYS COPIED AND REPRODUCED DISADVANTAGES: NEGATIVE TRAITS ARE ALWAYS COPIED AND REPRODUCED, NO VARIATIONS WITHIN THE SPECIES 32. Explain the ADVANTAGES: VARIATIONS IN GENETIC MATERIAL MAY HELP advantages and SPECIES SURVIVE, NEGATIVE TRAITS ARE NOT ALWAYS disadvantages of sexual reproduction. REPRODUCED DISADVANTAGES: FEWER OFFSPRING, NECESSARY TO FIND A MATE, CAN COMBINE TO FORM NEGATIVE TRAITS THAT ARE NOT PRESENT IN EITHER PARENT. 8