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Animals – Invertebrates Part 1 Animals are the most o Animals range in size from o Animals are found nearly o All animals share a unique set of derived characters: Animal cells are Three-stranded protein Found in Animals are Diploid parents produce Do not have o Most animals have Hox genes are Hox genes A hox gene mutation leads to the development of Each animal phylum has a o Vertebrates have an o Invertebrates do not have o Invertebrates encompass o Differences in body plan results from Hox genes tell embryonic cells Mutations in hox genes lead to Animals are grouped using three criteria: 1) Body plan symmetry 2) Tissue layers 3) Developmental patterns o There are 2 types of body plan symmetry: Bilateral symmetry Radial symmetry o Bilateral animals have 1) Ectoderm 2) Endoderm 3) Mesoderm o Radial animals have 1) Ectoderm 2) Endoderm Animals are divided into 2 major groups: o Protostomes Protosomes include o Deuterostomes Deuterostomes include o Gut cavity formation: In protostomes In deuterostomes o Cleavage pattern: In most protostomes early cell division leads to an eight-celled embryo twisted in arrangement called In deuterostomes, cells divide into eight-celled embryos with cells that are lined up atop the other in an arrangement called Phylum Porifera: Sponges have o Sponges are the most 570 million year old fossils Closely related to a o Sponges share common characteristics: Sessile Reproduce both They are o Sponges have several types of specialized cells: Pinacocytes Choanocytes Cells have flagella surrounded by a collar of tiny hairlike structures called These cells pull water through the sponge by beating their flagella Ameobocytes They Transport Phylum Cnidaria: Cnidarians are the o Cnidarians have 2 body forms: Polyps Medusas o Cnidarians reproduce both Polyps reproduce asexually by Medusa reproduce sexually by Fertilized egg develops into a free-swimming larva called a The planula then develops into the Many cnidarian species o Cnidarians are made up of Outer tissue layer has 3 cell types: Contracting cells Nerve cells Cnidocytes o Found all over a cnidarian’s body but o A nematocyst is a stinging structure found in both sea anemones & jellyfish Gastrovascular cavity Secretes Also moves o The four major cnidarian classes are defined by 1) Anthozoans 2) Hydrozoans 3) Scyphozoans 4) Cubozoans Phylum Platyhelminthes: Flatworms are o Flatworms have a o Flatworm’s shape is the direct result of having o They can only move oxygen to their cells by o There are three classes of flatworms: 1) Planarians Have a Mouth is on ventral surface instead of on its A muscular tube called 2) Flukes Have a mouth with a pharynx that opens into They are found in both Tapeworms They have a small head with Have no gut, instead they absorb nutrients from Adult tapeworm’s body is made up of segments containing When segments fill with fertilized eggs Phylum Mollusca: Mollusks are o A complete digestive tract has two openings o Mollusks share at least one of three features: 1) Radula 2) Mantle 3) Ctenidia In water mollusks it is In land mollusks o Mollusks have a heart and an open circulatory system Mollusks have a hemocoel o There are 7 classes of mollusks, but the majority of species are found in within these 3 classes:. 1) Gastropods Includes over Live in both Can be 2) Pelecypods (aka bivalves) Have a Most are 3) Cephalopods Have a well developed They are o Mollusks use a variety of Most strategies involve Some are hermaphrodites Reproduction involves Phylum Annelida: Annelids have o Segmentation refers to the o Annelids have a closed circulatory system o The coelom is a It is divided by partitions called Fluid inside the coelom acts as a o Annelid Diet: Most eat Some feed on o Annelid Reproduction: Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Some species are hermaphrodites Some species have separate male & females o There are three groups of annelids: Earthworms Marine worms Leeches Phylum Nematoda: Roundworms (nematodes) o They are protostomes with bilateral symmetry o They are o Roundworms have a tough outer skeleton called a Made of Must be shed to o Roundworms have a o They reproduce Some give In most o Many roundworms are Hookworms Pinworms Guinea worms