Download 9. Unit 2 Study Guide_Honors

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Mr. Orend Honors Biology
Matter, Water, and Macromolecules Study Guide
Mass, Matter, and Bonding
What is matter? What is mass?
Differences between solid, liquid, and gas at the molecular level.
Location and charges of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
What is an isotope? How are they used to detect cancer in PET scans?
What is an element? How is the periodic table used to determine characteristics of elements?
What is atomic mass and atomic number?
How can the number of neutrons be determined from atomic mass and number?
- Atomic Mass = The number of protons + number of neutrons
What is a compound? What types of chemical bonds hold compounds together?
- covalent bonds – share electrons
- ionic bonds – trade electrons
- what is an ion?
- hydrogen bonds – what are they? why do they occur?
- polar covalent bonds – what are they? why do they occur?
Chemistry of Water
What is the structure of water?.... polar covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen.
- Why do polar covalent bonds occur?... oxygen is greedy!
- How does this affect charges of atoms in water?
- Why is water sticky?...........hydrogen bonding!! What is it?
PROPERTIES OF WATER (know the definition of each and how the structure of water causes each!!!:
1. cohesion
2. adhesion
3. capillary action
4. high surface tension
5. ice’s low density
- how does this affect aquatic life?
- what happens when vegetable oil freezes?
6. Water’s high specific heat
- how is this helpful in cooling the body through sweating?
- how is this helpful for a fish/tadpole in a small pond?
What is the water cycle? How does water circulate around the globe?
MIXTURES AND ACIDS AND BASES
What is a mixture?
- Difference between solution, colloid, and suspension?
- Differences in particle size, ability to settle out, homogeneous or heterogeneous?
What is the neutralization reaction of water?
What is the pH scale? What does it measure?..... Hydrogen ion (H+) concentration!!!
- What is an acid and base? What is their pH? What ions are produced by each? Examples
of acids and bases?
- How do acids and bases taste? How do bases feel?
What is a buffer? How are they used by the body to maintain homeostasis? What is homeostasis?
MACROMOLECULES
REVIEW THE MACROMOLECULES READING FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE UNIT!
Know the 5 Functional Groups and their structures: hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate
- In which macromolecules are each found?
- How do the functional groups affect solubility in water? Why?
What is an organic molecule?... made of carbon!! Created by living organisms!
What is an inorganic molecule?....not made of carbon!!
What is a monomer? What is a polymer?
Polymers are formed through dehydrations synthesis… and broken down by hydrolysis.
CARBOHYDRATES – SUGARS – POLYSACCHARIDES (CHO 1:2:1)
How do they taste? What is their function in body? Made through photosynthesis!
Why do they carry so much energy? C-H bonds!!!! Equal sharing!!!
Differences between mono-, di-, and polysacchardides. Examples and names of each!!!
What type of bond holds them together…. Glycosidic bond!
How are sugars named? -ose!!
What is an isomer?... compound with same molecular formula, different structures!
Difference between digestion and blood sugar levels of mono/disaccharides and polysaccharides.
4 polysaccharides (in what types of organisms are they found? – function of each!):
- starch – found in granules in plants…. Energy storage… can be branched or unbranched
- glycogen – found in granules in animals…. Energy storage… highly branched
- cellulose – cable-like structure in plants… for structure and support
- chitin – water-resistant… exoskeletons in arthropods
LIPIDS - Fats (triglycerides), oils, waxes, and steroids. (CHO 1:2:VERY FEW)
Non-polar, hydrophobic, don’t mix with water!!!!!
Lots of energy, high density of C-H bonds!
Used for long-term energy storage.
FATS (triglycerides) – 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids.
- formed through dehydration synthesis
- connected by ester bonds
Differences between saturated and unsaturated fats?
- # of hydrogen atoms, double bonds?
- Solid or liquid? Why?
PHOSPHOLIPIDS – phosphate group + 2 fatty acids
- Used in the construction of membrane bilayers!
- Polar, hydrophilic head and non-polar hydrophobic tail
Waxes – used for water resistance in fruits, insects, and waterfowl.
Steroids – Three 6-carbon rings and one 5-carbon ring
- Function as hormones in the body… regulatory molecules.
- Anabolic vs. catabolic
- Side effects of anabolic steroids in athletes
HDL vs. LDL. How do lipids travel in the blood?... Lipoproteins!
POLYPEPTIDES – PROTEINS (CHONS)
6 functions of proteins
Low-density of C-H bonds… not much energy!
What is a pigment? What is an enzyme?
Structure of amino acids: amino group, carboxyl, central carbon, R group
20 different amino acids…. Different R groups!
Formed through dehydration synthesis…… connected by peptide bonds!
4 levels of protein structure…
1. Primary – amino acid sequence
2. Secondary structure – alpha helix and beta pleated sheets, held together by H-bonds
3. Tertiary structure – 3-D folding, globular shape, held together by H-bonds, ionic bonds,
and disulfide bridges.
4. Quaternary structure – subunits combined with other polypeptide chains.
Enzymes – help catalyze chemical reactions (bonds formed or broken!)
- Speed up reactoins
- Lower the Activation energy of a reaction.
- Reusable
- Operate at optimum pH and Temperature
NUCLEIC ACIDS - DNA and RNA – (CHONP)
Made of nucleotides… formed through dehydration synthesis!...held by phosphodiester bonds
- 3 parts of nucleotide:
- phosphate group
- pentose sugar
- nitrogenous base
Know how to number of carbons of a nucleotide!!!
DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA structure – double helix… sugar phosphate backbone… held together by hydrogen bonds.
- Master instructions for building proteins
- Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine (A, T, C, G)
- Cannot leave the nucleus
- Double-stranded
RNA – ribonucleic acid
- Copy of master instructions for delivery to ribosomes.
- Adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine (A, U, G, C)
- Can leave the nucleus
- Single-stranded