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Lesson 9 Adjectives 9.1 Definition Adjectives modify nouns. Adjectives can be used before a noun (I like Chinese food) or after certain verbs (It is hard). We can often use two or more adjectives together (a beautiful young French lady). Generally speaking, adjectives answer the following questions: Which? What kind of? How many? 9.2 Kinds of Adjectives 9.2.1 Determiners 限定詞 (some grammarians do not consider determiners as adjectives, but give them a class of their own.) Determiners are words like the, an, my, some. They are grammatically similar. They all come at the beginning of noun phrases, and usually we cannot use more than one determiner in the same noun phrase. 9.2.1.1 Articles (A / An or The) An article is an adjective that modifies nouns. The English language has two types of articles: the and a/an. The is used to refer to specific or particular nouns; a/an is used to modify non-specific or non-particular nouns. We call the the definite article and a/an the indefinite article. 9.2.1.1.1 Uses of the indefinite article a/an: 9.2.1.1.1.1 To talk about something for the first time: There’s a kitchen and a dining room. 9.2.1.1.1.2 To describe “one of many”: Christianity is a religion. 9.2.1.1.1.3 With jobs and professions: 1 I’m a teacher. She is an engineer. 9.2.1.1.1.4 With certain expressions of quantity: a little food, a few beds, a couple of friends. 9.2.1.1.1.5 Only with singular count nouns: a bottle of water, a new glass of milk, a boy, a country 9.2.1.1.1.6 Use a for nouns and adjectives which begin with a consonant sound, and an for nouns and adjectives which begin with a vowel sound: a boy, an armchair, an honor, an easy way, a beautiful girl, a user (sounds like ‘yoo-zer,’ i.e., begins with a consonant ‘y’ sound, so ‘a’ is used); a university, a unicycle, an unusual problem, a European country (sounds like ‘yoo-ro-pi-an,’ i.e., begins with a consonant ‘y’ sound), a uniform, an elephant; an egg; an apple; an idiot; an orphan. 9.2.1.1.2 Uses of the definite article the: 9.2.1.1.2.1 To talk about something again: In the kitchen there’s a table, and on the table there’s a cat. 9.2.1.1.2.2 With certain places and names: the Alps, the USA, the West. 9.2.1.1.2.3 When there is only one: the president, the government, the sun, the weather. 9.2.1.1.2.4 To refer to a specific or particular member of a group: the most popular movie of the year; Islam is the religion practiced by all the believers in the Koran. 9.2.1.1.2.5 When information given in the sentence limits the plural count noun to all the members in a specific category: (see also 9.2.1.1.4) 2 Christianity and Buddhism are the religions practiced by our classmates (meaning: Christianity and Buddhism are all the religions practiced by our classmates.) (“Christianity and Buddhism are religions practiced by our classmates” is also correct, meaning: Christianity and Buddhism are two/two of the religions practiced by our classmates.) 9.2.1.1.3 Uses of a/an/the for singular countable nouns All singular countable nouns must be preceded by either an indefinite article (a or an) or a definite article (the). 9.2.1.1.4 Uses of the for plural countable nouns 9.2.1.1.4.1 When the plural countable noun does not represent all the members in a specific category, no article comes before it: (see also 9.2.1.1.2.5) Islam and Hinduism are religions. 9.2.1.1.4.2 When information given in the sentence limits the plural countable noun to all the members in a specific category or group, the definite article the is used: (the same as 9.2.1.1.2.5) The boys in shorts, please stand up. (meaning: all the boys in shorts) 9.2.1.1.5 Uses of the for uncountable nouns Uncountable nouns are always singular because they cannot be counted. E.g., honesty, knowledge, wisdom, ignorance, information, evidence, research, advice No article comes before uncountable nouns when a specific reference is not being made. But when it is obvious that a specific reference is being made, the definite article the is used. E.g. The honesty of the man is his greatest virtue. 3 9.2.1.1.6 You don’t use any article: 9.2.1.1.6.1 at home at work in bed by car on foot With certain expressions, such as: 9.2.1.1.6.2 With meals, languages, most countries, cities and towns, streets, mountains (but mountain ranges 山脈 use the), most islands, continents, sports, academic subjects, parts of body: Let’s have lunch. (meals) Please speak English. (languages) We live in France, but we like to visit the United States. (countries) Susan lives in Hong Kong. (cities and towns) Chu Hai College is located on Yi Lok Street. (streets) Sue climbed the Himalayas and eventually reached Mount Everest. (mountain ranges and mountains) He lives in Easter Island. (islands) She went to Europe last summer. (continents) They play football. (sports) She is good in mathematics. (academic subjects) There is hair on his arms. (parts of body) 9.2.1.1.7 Geographical use of the: 9.2.1.1.7.1 Do not use the before: 9.2.1.1.7.1.1 Names of most countries/territories, eg. Italy, Mexico, Bolivia, Japan, China, Australia, Brazil. Congo (however, the Netherlands, the Dominican Republic, the Philippines, the United States, the Vatican, the People’s Republic of China, the United Kingdom, the Gambia.) 4 9.2.1.1.7.1.2 Names of cities, towns, provinces, or states: Seoul, Manitoba, Guangdong, Miami 9.2.1.1.7.1.3 Names of streets: Washington Boulevard, Main Street, Yi Lok Street, Nathan Road 9.2.1.1.7.1.4 Names of lakes and bays: Lake Titicaca, Lake Erie (except with a group of lakes like the Great Lakes) 9.2.1.1.7.1.5 Names of mountains: Mount Everest, Mount Fuji (but use the with ranges of mountains, like the Andes, the Rockies, or unusual names like the Matterhorn) 9.2.1.1.7.1.6 Asia, Europe, Australia, South America, Africa 9.2.1.1.7.1.7 Names of continents: Names of islands: Easter Island, Maui, Key West, Cheung Chau (except with island chains like the Aleutians, the Hebrides, or the Canary Islands) 9.2.1.1.7.2 Do use the before: 9.2.1.1.7.2.1 Names of rivers, oceans and seas: the Nile, the Amazon, the Yellow River, the Pacific Ocean 9.2.1.1.7.2.2 Points on the globe: the Equator, the North Pole 9.2.1.1.7.2.3 Geographical areas: the Middle East, the West 5 9.2.1.1.7.2.4 Deserts, forests, gulfs, and peninsulas: the Sahara, the Persian Gulf, the Black Forest, the Iberian Peninsula 9.2.1.1.8 Pronunciation: 9.2.1.1.8.1 a vowel: a boy a user a university a unicycle a European country A is used before a consonant sound, even if it is written as 9.2.1.1.8.2 An is used before a vowel sound, even if it is written as a consonant: an unusual problem an honour an hour 9.2.1.1.8.3 The is pronounced “the” before a consonant sound: the uniform, the boy, the house but pronounced “dee” before a vowel sound: dee H-bomb, dee egg, dee elephant 9.2.1.2 Possessive Adjectives / Possessive Determiners A possessive adjective, also known as possessive determiner, modifies a noun by telling who owns or “possesses” something. It answers the question “Whose?” Possessive adjectives/determiners can eliminate repetition in a sentence by replacing a determiner phrase, which is also a noun phrase. They allow us, for example, to say: “The boy took off his hat.” instead of “The boy took off the boy's hat.” 6 The possessive adjectives are: my, your, his, her, its, our, their whose (interrogative) number person gender possessive adjective example sentence singular 1st male/female my This is my book. 2nd male/female your I like your hair. 3rd male his His name is “Phil.” female her Her name is “Sue.” neuter 中性的 its The dog is licking its paw. plural 1st male/female our We have sold our house. 2nd male/female your Your children are lovely. 3rd male/female/neuter their The students thanked their teacher. singular/plural 1st/2nd/3rd 9.2.1.3 male/female (not neuter) whose Whose phone did you use? Other determiners/indefinite adjectives: each (= every one separately) (adjective / adverb / pronoun) eg. Each student had a different explanation. every (= each, all; every is half-way between each and all. It sees things or people as singular, but in a group or in general.) (adjective / adverb) eg. She’s beautiful in every way. (Verbs with each and every are always conjugated in the singular.) either (adjective / adverb / pronoun / conjunction) eg. You may choose either 7 answer. neither (adjective / adverb / pronoun / conjunction) eg. Neither answer is correct. some (= a little, a few or a small number or amount) (adjective / adverb / pronoun) eg. We met some years ago. any (= one, some or all) (adjective / adverb / pronoun) eg. Have you any spare change? (Usually, we use some in positive sentences and any in negative and question sentences. However, we may use some in a question when we expect a positive YES answer, eg., Would you like some more tea?) no (adjective / adverb / noun) eg. I wanted no part of it. much (adjective / adverb /noun) eg. It takes too much time. many (adjective / pronoun / noun) eg. A journey of many miles begins with a single step. more (adjective / adverb / noun / pronoun) eg. Would you like more sugar? most (adjective / adverb / noun / pronoun) eg. Choosing a fitting color takes the most time. little (adjective / adverb / noun) eg. I got very little sleep last night. less (adjective / adverb / noun / preposition) eg. Two is less than three. least (adjective / adverb / noun) eg. The least noise would startle her. few (adjective / noun / pronoun) eg. One of his few pleasures is to go hiking. fewer (adjective / pronoun) eg. He caught fewer fish than the rest of us. fewest (adjective) eg. Please answer the questions in the fewest possible words. what (adjective / adverb / pronoun) eg. What a charming girl! whatever (adjective / adverb / pronoun) eg. She will buy the painting at whatever price. which (adjective / pronoun) eg. Which tie should I wear? whichever (adjective / pronoun) eg. Choose whichever one you want. both (adjective / pronoun / conjunction) eg. He soaked both feet in water. half (adjective / adverb / noun) eg. He owns a half share in the company. all (adjective / adverb / noun / pronoun) eg. I have been waiting all week to see her. several (adjective / pronoun) eg. He arrived several hours late. enough (adjective / adverb / pronoun) eg. There’s enough food for everyone. another (adjective / pronoun) eg. Please look at it from another angle. Note that some determiners/indefinite adjectives are also indefinite pronouns (see 11.2.4.1 and 11.2.4.2). Eg. 8 I'd like another drink, please. (determiner/indefinite adjective) That drink was good. Can I have another? (indefinite pronoun) 9.2.2 Demonstrative Adjectives 9.2.2.1 The demonstrative adjectives this, that, these, those answer the question “which?” or “which one?” Eg. Let’s play this game and later watch that movie. These mangoes are very sweet, but I don’t like those sour grapes. 9.2.2.2 Remember that the demonstrative adjectives this, that, these, those are identical to demonstrative pronouns. Obviously, you use them differently. While a demonstrative adjective qualifies a noun, a demonstrative pronoun stands alone, replacing the noun. (see 11.2.3.2) Eg. That dress is nice. (demonstrative adjective + noun) That smells. (demonstrative pronoun) 9.2.3 Proper Adjectives A proper adjective is derived from a proper noun and is capitalized. Eg. Proper noun Proper adjective China Chinese California Californian Mars Martian Spain Spanish Christianity Christian Japan Japanese Hollywood Hollywood Texas Texas Sometimes, as in the last two examples, a proper noun does not change at all to become a proper adjective. 9 9.2.4 Common Adjectives A common adjective is just a simple, regular adjective. It describes a noun in a general way. Eg., sharp, flexible, hot, red, hidden, nice, huge Most common adjectives can be used to show degrees of difference of the nouns they modify. In this application, they are classified into comparative adjectives and superlative adjectives. Some adjectives, however, cannot be compared because the base form expresses the only degree possible, and they are called incomparable adjectives. 9.2.4.1 Comparative Adjectives When we talk about two things, we can “compare” them. We can see if they are the same or different. Perhaps they are the same in some ways and different in other ways. We can use comparative adjectives to describe the differences. We can use comparative adjectives when talking about two things but not three or more things. 9.2.4.1.1 Formation of Comparative Adjectives 9.2.4.1.1.1 There are two normal ways to make or form a comparative adjective: short adjectives: add “-er” long adjectives: use “more” Short adjectives 1-syllable adjectives 2-syllable adjectives ending in -y old, fast happy, easy Normal rule: add “-er” old → older Variation: if the adjective ends in -e, just add -r late → later Variation: if the adjective ends in consonant and after a vowel, double the last consonant big → bigger 10 Variation: if the adjective ends in -y, change the y to i happy → happier Long adjectives 2-syllable adjectives not ending in -y modern, pleasant all adjectives of 3 or more syllables expensive, intellectual Normal rule: use “more” modern → more modern expensive → more expensive 9.2.4.1.1.2 Exception 1: With some 2-syllable adjectives, we can use “-er” or “more,” eg. • • • • quiet → quieter / more quiet clever → cleverer / more clever narrow → narrower / more narrow simple → simpler / more simple 9.2.4.1.1.3 Exception 2: The following adjectives have irregular forms: • • • • good → better well (healthy) → better bad → worse far → farther / further 9.2.4.1.2 Use of Comparative Adjectives We use comparative adjectives when talking about 2 things (not 3 or 10 or 1,000,000 things, only 2 things). Often, the comparative adjective is followed by “than.” Eg. Shaquille O’Neal is 7’1”. He is tall. But Yao Ming is 7’5”. Yao is taller than O’Neal. 11 China is big. But Russia is bigger. I want to have a more powerful computer. Is Chinese more difficult than English? 9.2.4.2 Superlative Adjectives A superlative adjective expresses the extreme or highest degree of a quality. We use a superlative adjective to describe the extreme quality of one thing in a group of things. 9.2.4.2.1 Formation of Superlative Adjectives 9.2.4.2.1.1 As with comparative adjectives, there are two normal ways to form a superlative adjective: •short adjectives: add “-est” •long adjectives: use “most” We also usually add “the” at the beginning. Short adjectives 1-syllable adjectives 2-syllable adjectives ending in -y old, fast happy, easy Normal rule: add “-est” old → the oldest Variation: if the adjective ends in -e, just add -st late → the latest Variation: if the adjective ends in consonant before a vowel, double the last consonant Variation: if the adjective ends in -y, change the y to i big → the biggest happy → the happiest Long adjectives 12 2-syllable adjectives not ending in -y modern, pleasant all adjectives of 3 or more syllables expensive, intellectual Normal rule: use “the most” modern → the most modern expensive → the most expensive 9.2.4.2.1.2 Exception 1: With some 2-syllable adjectives, we can use “-est” or “ the most,” eg. • quiet → the quietest / the most quiet • clever → the cleverest / the most clever • narrow → the narrowest / the most narrow • simple → the simplest / the most simple 9.2.4.2.1.3 Exception 2: The following adjectives have irregular forms: • good → the best • bad → the worst • far → the furthest 9.2.4.2.2 Use of Superlative Adjectives 9.2.4.2.2.1 We use a superlative adjective to describe one thing in a group of three or more things. Eg. Brad Miller is 7’ tall. Shaquille O’Neal is 7’1”. Yao Ming is 7’5”. Yao is the tallest. Canada, China and Russia are big countries. But Russia is the biggest. Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. 9.2.4.2.2.2 When we compare one thing with itself, we do not use “the”, eg. 13 • England is coldest in winter. (not the coldest) • My boss is most generous when we get a big order. (not the most generous) 9.2.4.3 Incomparable adjectives Some adjectives cannot be compared because the base form expresses the only degree possible. Eg. • perfect, unique, fatal, universal, dead, wrong, straight, blind, final, vertical, right, left 9.2.5 Noun as Adjective as adjective) (see also 8.5.5 Two or more nouns together – noun A noun is a person, place, thing or idea; and an adjective is a word that describes a noun. But sometimes we use a noun to describe another noun. In that case, the first noun acts as an adjective (see also 8.5.4 Compound noun). Eg. news reporter love story Hong Kong basketball team coach (we can have more than one “noun as adjective;” here Hong Kong, basketball and team are all “nouns as adjective,” describing coach.) 9.3 Position of Adjectives There are 2 basic, and 3 uniquely used positions for adjectives: 9.3.1 Before the noun, eg. Philip likes pretty girls. Joanna loves sweet chocolate. 9.3.2 After certain verbs (such as be, become, get, seem, look, feel, sound, smell, taste, etc.), eg. 14 The girl is pretty. Chocolate tastes good. Because she had to wait, she became impatient. Is it getting dark? The examination did not seem difficult. Your friend looks nice. This towel feels damp. That new film doesn't sound very interesting. Dinner smells good tonight. This milk tastes sour. Even when an adjective comes after the verb and not before a noun, it always refers to and qualifies the subject of the sentence, not the verb. And these verbs are “stative” verbs, which express a state or change of state, not “dynamic” verbs which express an action. Note that some verbs can be stative in one sense (she looks beautiful / it got hot), and dynamic in another (she looked at him / he got the money). Note also that in the above examples, the adjective can qualify a pronoun since the subject may be a pronoun. 9.3.3 Adjectives are sometimes placed after nouns for the sake of emphasis, eg. There lived a young girl pretty and quick-witted. (There lived a young girl who is pretty and quick-witted.—“who is” is hidden for the sake of emphasis.) He was a great man, truthful, and fearless. (He was a great man, who is truthful, and fearless.-- “who is” is hidden for the sake of emphasis.) 9.3.4 Some adjectives can be placed before or after a noun, such as responsible, present, involved, concerned, available, etc. But the meanings of the adjectives are often different when they are placed before or after a noun. Eg. He is a responsible journalist. (before the noun) -- 他是個負責任的記者。 Who is the journalist responsible for the investigation? 負責調查的記者是誰? The present committee members will be replaced soon. (before the noun) -- (after the noun) -- 15 目前的委員不久就會被取代。 The committee members present supported the proposal. 在場的委員支持建議。 I failed to follow his involved argument. (before the noun) -- 他的議論很 複雜,我無法明白。 We discussed the problems involved. (after the noun) -- 我們討論所涉及的 問題。 The concerned villagers protested against the government's land requisition. (before the noun) -- 憂心的村民抗議政府徵地。 The villagers concerned were arrested. (after the noun) -- 涉事的村民被 捕。 (after the noun) -- But, the meanings of the adjectives available and the best possible are the same whether they are placed before or after a noun. Eg. The available manpower is limited. (before the noun) -- 可動用的人力有 限。 The manpower available is limited. (after the noun) -- 可動用的人力有限。 That is the best possible solution. (before the noun) --那是最好的解決辦 法。 That is the best solution possible. (after the noun) -- 那是最好的解決辦法。 9.3.5 With some verbs, the adjective follows the object, eg. My sister keeps her room tidy. Philip makes me happy. 9.3.6 In certain phrases, the adjective always follows the noun: time immemorial heir apparent Alexander the Great God Almighty President elect notary public the people present court martial poet laureate 16 9.4 Order of Adjectives 9.4.1 When using more than one adjectives before the noun, place opinion before fact, eg. I like big black dogs. (not black big dogs) She was wearing a beautiful long red dress. (NOT a long red beautiful dress) a nice French car (NOT a French nice car) 9.4.2 When two adjectives come after a verb, they are separated by and. When more than two adjectives come after a verb, the last two are separated by and. Eg. It was hot and sultry. The clouds appeared white and fluffy. She looked smart and charming. The boy was handsome, polite and lovable. 9.4.3 When two or more adjectives come before a noun, they are not usually separated by and. A large, round vase (NOT A large and round vase) A fat old lady (NOT A fat and old lady) Note that when the last two are adjectives of color they are usually separated by and. A black and white photo. A blue and red sparrow. 9.4.4 Place numbers before adjectives, eg. Six large tables (NOT Large six tables) Five beautiful women (NOT Beautiful five women) Note that commas are sometimes used to separate adjectives used before a noun. This is common in long sequences. Commas are, however, dropped before short common adjectives. 9.4.5 Possessive adjectives come before any (genuine) adjectives, eg. 17 Your big blue eyes (NOT Big blue your eyes) 9.5 Common Confusions between adjectives and adverbs 9.5.1 Bad or Badly? When you want to describe how you feel, you should use the adjective bad, because an adjective always follows verbs like “feel, taste, smell, sound, look, appear, and seem” — when it modifies the noun before the verb. So you would say, “I feel bad,” or “It tastes bad.” You would use the adverb badly to modify dynamic verbs, so you would say, ”Sam plays football badly.” 9.5.2 Good or Well? Good is an adjective, so you do not do good or live good, but you do well and live well—well used here as an adverb. Remember, though, that an adjective follows sense-verbs and be-verbs, so you also feel good, look good, smell good, are good, have been good, etc. Confusion can occur because well can function either as an adverb or an adjective. When well is used as an adjective, it means “not sick” or “in good health.” For this specific sense of well, you could say I feel well or I am well — for example, after recovering from an illness. When not used in this health-related sense, however, well functions as an adverb; for example, “I did well on my exam.” 9.5.3 Double-negatives Scarcely and hardly are already negative adverbs. To add another negative term is redundant, because in English only one negative is ever used at a time. I can scarcely hear you. (not scarcely not...) Hardly anyone came to the party. (not hardly no one...) 9.5.4 Sure or Surely? Sure is an adjective, and surely is an adverb. Sure is also used in the idiomatic expression sure to be. Eg. 18 I am sure that you were there. (sure is an adjective that modifies the pronoun I.) He is surely ready to take on the project. (surely is an adverb that modifies the adjective ready.) She is sure to be a great leader. (sure to be is an idiomatic phrase that functions as an adjective that modifies the pronoun she.) 9.5.5 Real or Really? Real is an adjective, and really is an adverb. Eg. She did really well on that test. (really is an adverb that modifies the adverb well.) In China, the real problem is corruption. (real is an adjective that modifies the noun problem.) 9.5.6 Near or Nearly? Near can function as a verb, an adverb, an adjective, or a preposition. Nearly is used as an adverb to mean “in a close manner” or “almost but not quite.” Eg. Facebook’s 2009 revenue neared $800 million. (neared is a verb in the past tense.) The project is nearly finished. (nearly is an adverb that modifies the verb finished.) The cat crept near. (near is an adverb of place that modifies the verb crept.) First cousins are more nearly related than second cousins. (nearly is an adverb that modifies the verb related.) The detective solves the mystery in a scene near the end of the movie. (near is a preposition. The prepositional phrase near the end of the movie modifies the noun scene.) Adapted from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/537/02/. 9.6 List of Adjectives 19 Appearance Appearance Condition Contd. Condition Contd. Feelings (Bad) Feelings (Bad) Contd. adorable adventurous aggressive alert attractive average beautiful glamorous gleaming gorgeous graceful grotesque handsome homely alive annoying bad better beautiful brainy breakable impossible inexpensive innocent inquisitive modern mushy odd angry annoyed anxious arrogant ashamed awful grumpy helpless homeless hungry hurt ill blue-eyed bloody blushing bright clean clear cloudy colorful crowded cute light long magnificent misty motionless muddy old-fashioned plain poised precious busy careful cautious clever clumsy concerned crazy curious dead different open outstanding poor powerful prickly puzzled real rich shy sleepy bad bewildered black blue bored clumsy combative condemned confused crazy, itchy jealous jittery lazy lonely mysterious nasty naughty nervous nutty dark drab distinct dull elegant excited fancy filthy quaint shiny smoggy sparkling spotless stormy strange ugly ugliest unsightly difficult doubtful easy expensive famous fragile frail gifted helpful helpless stupid super talented tame tender tough uninterested vast wandering wild flipped-out creepy cruel dangerous defeated defiant depressed disgusted disturbed dizzy obnoxious outrageous panicky repulsive scary selfish sore tense terrible testy unusual wide-eyed horrible important wrong dull embarrassed envious evil fierce foolish frantic frightened thoughtless tired troubled upset uptight weary wicked worried 20 grieving Feelings (Good) Feelings (Good) Contd. Shape Size Sound Time agreeable amused brave calm charming happy healthy helpful hilarious jolly broad chubby crooked curved deep flat cheerful comfortable cooperative courageous joyous kind lively lovely high hollow low narrow immense large little mammoth hushed husky loud melodic modern old old-fashioned quick delightful determined eager elated enchanting encouraging lucky nice obedient perfect pleasant proud round shallow skinny square steep straight massive miniature petite puny scrawny short moaning mute noisy purring quiet raspy rapid short slow swift young energetic enthusiastic excited exuberant fair faithful fantastic fine friendly funny relieved silly smiling splendid successful thankful thoughtful victorious vivacious witty wide small tall teeny teeny-tiny tiny resonant screeching shrill silent soft squealing thundering voiceless whispering gentle glorious good wonderful zealous zany Taste/Touch Taste/Touch Contd. bitter melted Touch boiling big colossal fat gigantic great huge cooing deafening faint harsh high-pitched hissing ancient brief Early fast late long Quantity abundant 21 delicious nutritious breezy empty fresh juicy ripe rotten salty sour spicy stale sticky plastic prickly rainy rough scattered shaggy shaky sharp shivering broken bumpy chilly cold cool creepy crooked cuddly curly few heavy light many numerous substantial strong sweet tart tasteless tasty thirsty fluttering fuzzy greasy grubby silky slimy slippery smooth soft solid steady sticky tender tight damaged damp dirty dry dusty filthy flaky fluffy freezing hot hard hot icy loose uneven weak wet wooden yummy warm wet The List of Adjectives is adapted from http://www.keepandshare.com/doc/12894/adjective-list. 22