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Verbals (participles, gerunds, infinitives) A verbal is a noun or adjective formed from a verb. Writers sometimes make mistakes by using a verbal in place of a verb, and in very formal writing, by confusing different types of verbals. This section covers three different verbals: the participle (which acts as an adjective), the gerund (which acts as a noun), and the infinitive (which also acts as a noun). The fundamental difference between verbals and other nouns and adjectives is that verbals can take their own objects, even though they are no longer verbs: Gerund Building a house is complicated. In this example, the noun phrase “a house'' is the direct object of the verbal “building'', even though “building'' is a noun rather than a verb. The Participle A participle is an adjective formed from a verb. To make a present participle, you add “-ing'' to the verb, sometimes doubling the final consonant: “think'' becomes “thinking'' “fall'' becomes “falling'' “run'' becomes “running'' The second type of participle, the past participle, is a little more complicated, since not all verbs form the past tense regularly. The following are all past participles: the sunken ship a ruined city a misspelled word Note that only transitive verbs can use their past participles as adjectives, and that unlike other verbals, past participles do not take objects (unless they are part of a compound verb). The Gerund A gerund is a noun formed from a verb. To make a gerund, you add “-ing'' to the verb, just as with a present participle. The fundamental difference is that a gerund is a noun, while a participle is an adjective: gerund I enjoy running. (“Running'' is a noun acting as the direct object of the verb “enjoy.'') participle Stay away from running water. (“Running'' is an adjective modifying the noun “water''.) Using Verbals There are two common problems that come up when writers use verbals. The first is that since verbals look like verbs, they sometimes cause students to write fragmentary sentences: [WRONG] Oh, to find true love! [WRONG] Jimmy, swimming the most important race of his life. The second problem is a very fine point, which most editors and some teachers no longer enforce. Although they look the same, gerunds and present participles are different parts of speech, and need to be treated differently. For example, consider the following two sentences: I admire the woman finishing the report. I admire the woman's finishing the report. In the first example, “finishing'' is a participle modifying the noun “woman'': in other words, the writer admires the woman, not what she is doing; in the second example, “finishing'' is a participle, modified by the possessive noun “woman's'': in other words, the writer admires not the woman herself but the fact that she is finishing the report. VERBALS IN PASSIVE STRUCTURES Verbals or verb forms can also take on features of the passive voice. An infinitive phrase in the passive voice, for instance, can perform various functions within a sentence (just like the active forms of the infinitive). Subject: To be elected by my peers is a great honor. Object: That child really likes to be read to by her mother. Modifier: Grasso was the first woman to be elected governor in her own right. The same is true of passive gerunds. Subject: Being elected by my peers was a great thrill. Object: I really don't like being lectured to by my boss. Object of preposition: I am so tired of being lectured to by my boss. With passive participles, part of the passive construction is often omitted, the result being a simple modifying participial phrase. [Having been] designed for off-road performance, the Pathseeker does not always behave well on paved highways. Gerund or Infinitive as Object of Verb? Gerunds and infinitives can both be used as subjects, subject complements, and direct objects of verbs. The choice of whether to use a gerund or infinitive as a subject, subject complement, or object of some verbs is left to the speaker/writer. This choice can indicate shades of meaning. But the choice between which to use as a direct object is sometimes dictated by the verb, leaving no choice. Which verbs can be followed by gerunds, which by infinitives, (and which by either) must be memorized. In addition, some verbs require that an infinitive object have a different subject (agent) from that of the first verb, for others no other agent is possible, and for some both are possible. Again, these must be memorized. The general meanings associated with gerunds and infinitives can offer clues, but do not always predict which forms are possible. Remember, the question here concerns verbs which control gerunds and infinitives as their objects. Of course, both infinitives and gerunds can follow an unlimited number of verbs for other reasons. For example, infinitives can also follow verbs to show purpose, in reduced adjective or adverb clauses, or with other meanings. Gerunds with noun modifiers can be the objects of many different verbs. And present participles, which may look like gerunds, are not controlled by preceding verbs. And remember that noun clauses can also be used as objects of many of these same verbs can afford can't bear begin VERBS THAT CAN HAVE INFINITIVE OR GERUND OBJECTS, with little or no difference in meaning: ____ studying. ____ to study. cease dread loathe prefer start commence hate love propose undertake continue like neglect (can't) stand Admit anticipate appreciate avoid complete consider defend delay VERBS THAT CAN HAVE GERUND OBJECTS, BUT NOT INFINITIVES: (usually actual events, often past) _____ (his) studying gerund subjects (agents) are usually possessive (his , etc.) deny get through mention recollect stop detest give up (not) mind recommend suggest discuss go on miss report take up dislike can't help postpone resent tolerate enjoy imagine practice resist understand escape involve put off resume excuse his keep (on) quit risk finish would like (him) recall (can't) see VERBS THAT CAN HAVE INFINITIVE OBJECTS, BUT NOT GERUNDS: (often suggesting a potential or unreal event) _______ to study him = infinitive must have a subject (agent) for him = infinitive must have a subject introduced by for (him) or (for him) = subject (agent) of infinitive is optional (none of the above = verb is followed directly by the infinitive) command Agree him fail long aim condescend force him manage appear consent get (him) motivate him appoint him convince happen need (him) arrange (for him hesitate oblige him him) dare (him) hire him offer authorize him decide help him order him ask (him) demand hope pay him beg (him) deserve instruct him persuade him (not) care desire intend plan cause him direct him invite him prepare (him) challenge him enable him lead him pretend choose (him) endeavor learn proceed claim expect (him) promise refuse remind him resolve seem select him send him strive struggle swear tell him tend threaten train him trust him volunteer vow wait (for him) want (him) warn him wish (him) yearn VERBS THAT CAN HAVE INFINITIVE OR GERUND OBJECTS, but with a difference in meaning: Attempt forget mean regret remember try ________ studying actual: first it happens; then there is mental activity) do it, hoping for success do it, then have a mental lapse it exists, it has a significance do it, then feel bad do it, then be aware of it do it, hoping for success ________ to study. potential: first there is mental activity about a possible future event) make an effort, hoping to do it have a mental lapse, and therefore not do it have an intention to do it feel bad, but then do it think about it, and then do it make an effort, hoping to do it VERBS THAT CAN HAVE INFINITIVE OBJECTS WITH AGENTS, OR GERUNDS : _______ studying ___ him to study Advise allow encourage forbid permit require teach urge Exercise 1. Teachers often suggest (study) harder as a recipe against negative marks. Nevertheless, many students risk (fail) tests, because they are lazy as hell. Then they complain about (to be treated) unfairly. Actually, they are not really interested in (increase) their knowledge. 2. He stopped (ask) a policeman for the way to Westminster Abbey. 3. I don't want him (come) here so often. 4. (look) at these photos is almost like (be) there. 5. After (to practise) a lot the band started a tour through Switzerland. 6. I forgot (tell) you that I don't like to play cards. 7. After finishing the HAK, some pupils wish (go) abroad for a year. 8. Before (start) your car, you should always buckle up. 9. Girls usually prefer (ride) horses to (play) computer games. 10. He entered the room without (see) me. Correct the following sentences. 1. The writer Edgar Allen Poe is usually credited with invent the short story. 2. A single-lens reflex camera allows a photographer seeing exactly what the camera will photograph. 3. There are probably around 3000 languages speaking in the world. 4. For decades, journalist Theodore H. White wrote books described American presidential elections. 5. Nutmeg, widely is used as a spice, is actually the kennel of a tropical spice. 6. Viral infections are generally more difficult to treating than bacterial infections. 7. Sports parachutes are relatively easy controlling. 8. A sudden sound can make a golfer to miss a shot. 9. The largest knowing insects are found in tropical rain forests. 10. Hypnosis is sometimes employed as a means of helping people to quit to smoke. Exercise on infinitives 1.How soon do you expect (A) to leave for South America? (B) be leaving 2.It is useless for you (A)try 3.I hope (C) will leave (D) going to leave (C) tries (D) to trying to do this. (B) to try to the birthday party tonight. (A) able to come (B) I shall able to come (C) I shall can come 4.It is too Iate (D) to be able to come there. (A) that we walk (B) for us walking 5.He warned me (C) us to walk (D) for us to walk swimming alone because of the rain. (A) didn't go (B) not go (C) not to go 6.The manager ordered the work . (A) start at once (B) at once start (C) to be started at once (D) to start at once 7.He finds it easy (D) not going English as a foreign language. (A) to learn (B) learning 8.I think it a good habit (C) learned early in the morning. (A) to get up (B) got up (C) getting up 9.All the clerks in the bank stopped (A) to write 10.I am sorry , but I forgot (C) written (D) writing the candy you wanted. (B) buying (C) of buying 11.Having worked for several hours, the manager stopped (A) to taking (D) to getting up to look at him. (B) write (A) to buy (D) and learn (B) to take (D) to have bought a rest. (C) taking (D) taken 12.When your country calls you for help , you cannot but (A) to go (B) going (C) go 13.The lazy young man does nothing but (A) to play (B) playing 14.You had better all day long. (C) play (D) played what he has to say. (A) hear (B) heard 15.You had better (C) hearing (D) to hear Mary about the party. It's a surprising birthday party for her. (A)not to tell (B) not tell 16. When I was young, I (C) don't tell (C) get used to drink tea, but now more people like coffee. (A) be used to (D) not tellin play tennis quite well. (A) was used to (B) used to 17. people (D) help going (B) get used to (C) got used to (D) used to (D) use to 18. The mother watched her children (A) to play on the yard. (B) playing 19. I can hear the girl (A) sang (C) was playing (D) played in the next room. (B) to sing (C) to singing (D) singing 20. There is something wrong with the engine. We must have (A) repair (B) repairing (C) to repair (D)understand 21. I tried very hard , but I couldn't make myself (A) understanding (C) understand (B) understands (C) understanding (A) to (C) as to (D) in order to cry over a novel. (B) as to 25. Come closer (C) that (D) may we can see you better. (A) in order to (B) so that 26. I am sorry (C) so as to (D) and this you the other day. (A) to offend 27. It's (D) understand borrow money from him. (B) so as to 24. She is so foolish (D) understood in English ; his Eglish is too poor. 23. I don't know him well enough (A) to these tences. (B) to understand 22. He is still unable to make himself (A) understood at once. (B) offending (C) to have offended (D) not to have off'ended day to waste. Let's go for a walk. (A) such a nice (B) so nice a 28. The words on the wall are (A) too vague to (C) a such nice (D) too nice a be recognized. (B) too vague not to (C) so vague that (D) so vague as to 29. " Shall I walk you home~" " I don't mind if you do , but (A) have to do 30. It is 31. (B) have to walk me (C) have (D) have to over spilt milk. (A)no use to cry (B) no use crying (C) useless to crying (D) useless crying to give up a bad habit. (A) Bob is difficult (B) It is not difficult for me (C) John is easy (D) Dick is impossible 32. I admit it was foolish of me what you hinted at. (A) have not to understood (B) have to not understood (C) to not have understood (D) not to have understood 33. He intended (A) to go abroad last year, but his mother suddenly fell ill. (B) going (C) to have gone 34. Every time cigarettes go up in price , many people try (A) to stop to smoke (B) stopping to smoke (C) stopping (D) to stop smoking (D) having gone . 35. If people are unwilling to hear you, (A) you had better to hold your tongue. (B) you had (C) it is better (D) hadn't you better 36. Be.cause of sir pollution being greatly reduced , this city is still . (A) a good place which to live (B) lived as a good place (C) a good place to live in (D) living as a good place 37. "I'll help you whenever you need me. " " Good- I'd like me tomorrow. (A) you helping (B) that you will help (C) you to help (D) that you help 38. " What did you hear last night?" " I seemed (A) hear (B) to have heard someone knock at the door. " (C) to hear 39. John said that he had to run in order (D) having heard . ( A)that he catch the bus (B) that he can catch the bus (C) to catch the bus (D) to the bus he could catch Many Chinese students ever made up their minds 1. English when they began to learn it. However, a few months later, they found 2. Of course , there is no royal road to . In my opinion , Chinese students should first of all form the good habit 5. 4. not so easy to master English as they Dictionanaries whenever 6. Secondly, they had better take good advantage of their vacation 3. before. any difficulty in learning it. 7. a trip to foreign countries so that they may widen their knowledge about English. But, the hest way 8. it is 9. more, speak more, listen more and write more. As it plays a very important role in international affairs , the English lang'uage is really well worth l. (A) to be good at 2. (A) which 10. (B) being good at (B) its (C) it (C) be good for (D) good at (D) one 3. (A) had thought (B) have thought 4. (A)learn (B) learning 5. (A) of consulting (B) by looking up (C) looking up (D) to consults 6. (A) they met (B) meeting (C) have met (D) to meet 7. (A) to take (B) taking 8. (A) of master (B) to master (C) thought of (C) learned (D) think of (D) learner (C) be taken (D) and takes (C) mastered (D) mastering 9. (A) of reading (B) to read 10. (A) us to learn (B) us leaming (C) to reading (C) our to learn (D) reading (D) our learning Exercise on Gerund l. Taking pictures (A) is 2. (B) are (C) to be (D) be the bad news made him cry. (A) Hear 3. very interesting. (B) Heard (C) Hearing (D)Is hearining' a desert has always been a risk adventure. (A) Being crossed (B) Having crossed 4. Before he came, I'd finished (A) to read (A) to listen (B) listening (B) to take (C) to be taking (B) my looking (A) to beat (A) thinking (C) that I can listen (C) beat (B) think (C) to think (B) for joy (B) to seeing (C) saying (D) mentioning (C) to be seeing (D) shall see books and magazines. (B) buying (C) to buy (D)bought . (B) knowing 15. She went out without (C) to.be known (D) being good-bye to us. (B) to say (C) saying 16.The curious student kept on (D) being a questions. (B) asking (C) to ask 17.He is such a strange person ; there's (A) no knowing (D) to drinking our friends next week. 14. The silkworm is an insect worth (A)asks . (C) instead of sleeping (B) telling 13. He spent a lot of money (A)say (D) thoughf that knowledge ia important. 12. We are looking forward (A) to know (D) beaten he is still alive. (A) talking (A) buy (D) mine to look ,he dies. (B) beating 11. It goes without (A) to see (D) taking (C) I looking 10. So far as I am concerned , I prefer reading (A) than meat (D) if I can listen at your newspaper. 8. When a man's heart stops 9. I can't help (D) read a trip around the island. 7. I hope you don't mind (A) I look (C) reading to popular music at night. 6. We are considering (A) take (D) To have crossed the whole book. (B) to have read 5. I always enjoy (C) Crossing (D) asked what he'll do next. (B) not to know (C) not known (D) being unknown 18. When she heard the bad news, she burst (A) into crying . (B) out to tears (C) crying 19. You must never cross the street without (A) waiting the light to turn green. (B) to wait 20. Scientists succeed (D) out crying lg (C) waiting for (D) to wait for protein out of old newspapers. (A) to make (B) at making (C) making (D) in making 21. He wrote letter after letter, and it was well past midnight when he finished (A) to write (B) written 22. None of us objected to (A) invite (C) having written 24. I remember 25. (B) inviting (C) have invited (D) invited in the accident. (B) to have been hurt (C) being hurt (D) from hurting the house about an hour ago. (A) to see him leave (B) to see him to leave (C)to see him leaving (D) seeing him leave going to the movies tonight~ (A) How about (B) Would you please (C) Would you like (D) I don't mind to 26. Whatever Mr. Brown does, he does it with an eye to (A) make (B) be making 27.You'll soon get used to (A) take more money. (C) making (D) have made early morning walks. It does wonderful things to your health. (B) taking (C) be taking 28.He stopped me from telling her the secret by (D) be taken . (A)judging from the fact (B) means of hard work . (C) putting his finger to his lips (D) virtue of thrift 29.When you find something in your writing that needs (A) to be correcting 30. (D) writing George to the birthday party. 23. To our surprise, he escaped (A) to be hurt the last one. , you mark it on the paper. (B) correct (C) to correct (D) correcting is extremely dangerous. (A) Cars at very high speeds driving (B) At very high speeds driving cars (C) Cars dciving at very high speeds (D) Driving cars at very high speeds Many countries are experiencing difficult problems in desert are~. Poor land is farmed until it 1. , and trees are cut for firewood 2. the soil against wind and rain. Scientists do not understand all the problems of the deserts , but there have been many ideas for 3. the land. Saudi Arabia has planted 10 million trees 4. the sand from 5. fertile areas. The spread of the deserts affects most countries. The big question today is how can an world population find food and space without the desert is the only chance 9. 7. the land it lives on. For many countries , starvation , destruction , 10. disaster. 1. (A) worn out (B) is worn out (C)has worn (D)to worn 2. (A) to leave (B) leaving (C)left (D)and left 3. (A) saving (B) being saved (C)saves (D)to save 4. (A) to help keep (B)help to keep (C) to help keeping (D)being taken off 5. (A) taking over (B)taking off (C) being taken over (D)being taken off 6. (A) expanding (B) expands (C)expanded (D)expand to 7. (A) to destroy (B) destroying (C)destruction (D)destroyed 8.(A) battling (B) battles (C)to battles (D)battled 9.(A) to avoid (B) avoid (C)avoided (D)be avoided 10.(A)and (B) else (C)or 6. (D)but 8. Exercise on Participles 1. I become after watching too much television. (A) bored 2. I felt (B) boring (D) bores by his interest in my new invention. (A) encourage 3. He sat there (A) read (B)to encourage (C) was encouraged (D) encouraged a novel. (B) reading 4. Don't wake up the (A) sleep (C) reads (B) slept (A) roll (C) sleeping 6. The heavy rain kept us (C) rolled (D) rolls for two hours. (B) waited 7. I found a dog (D) sleepy stone gathers no moss. " (B) rolling (A) wait (D) had read child. 5. A proverb goes ; " A (C) waiting (D) to wait over by a car on the road. (A) to run (B) run 8. We found the baby (A) slept (C) ran (B) sleep (A) stood (C) asleep (D) sleeping near the dog, so he walked up to her. (B) stands 10. They got their car (A) be washed (D) running on the floor. 9. Jack saw a woman 11. (C) bore (C) to stand (D) standing at the garage. (B) washed (C) being washed (D) to have been washed with his report , I told him to write it all over again. (A) Dissatisfactory (B) Not being satisfied (C) Having not satisfied (D) Dissatisfying 12. our shoes in our hands , we crossed the stream. (A) To carry 13. (B) Carrying (C) Carried (D) Carry my homework , I went home. (A) Having finished (B) Finished (C) Being finished (D) Finish 14. the door unlocked , I went in. (A)Finding 15. (B) Found (C) Had found (D) Have found a careless fellow, he forgot all about it. (A) Is 16. (B) Be (C) Being (D) Was carefully, this letter is very beautiful. (A) Type (B) Typing (C) Typed (D) To type 17.Animals can do many amazing things when properly ( A)train (B)training 18. You must be careful when (A)you driving 19.If (C)to train . (D)to train on the highway. (B)are driving (C)driving (D)you were driving ,I will go to the party tonight. (A)invite (B)inviting 20. Thousands of products (A) made (D)invited' from coal are now in daily use. (B) make 21. Engines are machines (A) produce (C)to invite (C) making (D) to make power or motion. (B) producing (C) produced (D) which producing 22. During this battle some soldiers were wounded , and some (A) miss 23. Weather (A) permit 24.The vacation (A)is (B) missed (C) missing . (D) to miss , we will have a picnic tomorrow. (B) permits (C) permitted (D) permittiri over, the students came back to school. (B)are (C)was (D)being 25 ,we left off our work. (A)After setting the sun (B)Haing set the sun (C)The sun having set (D)Being the sun set 26.The hotel room was so dirty that I was (A)ashamed (B)disgusted 27.The speaker found himself (A)leave (B)to leave (C)disgusting (C)leaving (A)required (B)to be required 30.In many modern cities, Beijing (D)left my cousin. (B)resembling 29.Both history and geography are (D)embarrassed all alone. 28.In the airport I met a man (A)who resembles and complained to the manager. (C)resembled (D)to resemble courses in our middle schools. (C)requiring (D)being required ,congestion and air pollution have become real problems. (A)includes (B)include 31.He devoted his (C)included (D)including five years to study and (A)remaining/learning (B)remained/learn (C)remaining/learn (D)remained/learning 32. . with the price of a fixed home today, mobile homes are truly invite (A)compared/economical (C)compared/economic 33. (B) comparing/economical (D)comparing/economic the painting, he gave a sigh of relief. (A)Finishing (B)Has finished (C)Being finished . (D)Having finished 34. by the roaring thunder, the baby burst out crying. (A)To frighten (B)Frightening 35. (C)Frighten (D)Frightened ,he can quickly find out what is wrong with a television set and repair it. (A)He has been well trained (B)Has been well trained (C)Having (D)To have been well trained been well trained 36. by hunger, he stole a cake. (A)Having driven 37. (B)Driving (C)Being driving (D)Driven the way to take, the traveller went on his yourney.] (A)Telling (B)Having told (C)Having been told (D)Have told 38.The United States has developed into a modern nation in a very short time with many other countries. (A)compares 39. (B)comparing (C)to compare (D)compared , reports are prepared for busy administrators. (A)To speak generally (B)Generally speaking (C)General spoken (D)Speaking generally 40.The lesson by the teacher this moring is an unusually long one. (A)being assigned While 1. (B)assigning (D)assigned to the movies, I happened to see a terrible'i dent. A taxi light collided with a truck. The mediately. As the number of cars 1. (A) I go (C)to be assigned (B) going 3. taxi driver was sent to hospital 5. 4. 2. through a tra~c at downtown area , everyone has to strict; bey the traffic rules. (C) went 2. (A) was run (B) was running (C) running 3. (A) injuring (B) injury 4. (A)location (B) locates 5. (A) increase (B) increasing (C) injured (C) locating (C) increased (D)to go (D) which rui (D) to injure (D) located (D) increases