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Chapter 16 Study Guide APUSH Overview This chapter covers the deadliest challenge to community and identity— a civil war. Both sides began the war underestimating its seriousness, scope, and duration. Northern generals such as Grant and Sherman recognized the arrival of a more modern style of warfare and fought accordingly. The entire American community went to war, except ironically the southern planter elite who had the largest stake in the outcome. As American men and women served in the military, helped out in many community support organizations, or fled to the Union lines, their lives changed dramatically. The North’s advantage in population and industry finally proved too much for the South to withstand, although victory hung in the balance until nearly the very end of the conflict. Lincoln prepared a generous reconstruction plan that he hoped would rebuild a sense of unity and loyalty. Lee’s surrender in April of 1865 was marred by the assassination of Lincoln later that same month. Learning Goals After reading this chapter you should be able to: Describe how each community, North and South, connected to its soldiers at war, including a comparison of the two communities. Outline the immediate outbreak of the war from Fort Sumter to Bull Run, including initial strategies and the relative strengths of both sides. Summarize the actions of Lincoln and the Republicans in conducting and financing the war. Summarize the actions of Jefferson Davis and various Confederate leaders in conducting the war, including the problems associated with southern nationalism and state’s rights. Discuss the major strategies, battles, and outcomes from 1862 to 1865. Explain what the war and various Union legislative acts and reconstruction plans meant to African Americans, particularly slaves and former slaves. Describe the difficulties the South had combining the “states’ rights” doctrine, the Southern social structure, and antagonism toward the North into a coherent and workable southern nationalism. (Review chapters 11 and 15.) Key Terms: Legal Tender Act National Bank Act Morrill Tariff Act Homestead Act Morrill Land Grant Act Peninsular Campaign Emancipation Proclamation People: Abraham Lincoln Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee George McClellan Ulysses S. Grant William Sherman Joe Johnston Thirteenth Amendment Copperheads New York City Draft Riots Appomattox Courthouse Total War 54th Massachusetts George Meade Thomas Jackson Short Answer Questions You need to respond to the following questions in no less than two sentences. Who was “Mother” Bickerdyke, and what role did she play in the Civil War? What dilemma did Lincoln face with Fort Sumter? Why were the border-states important to the Union? What controversial actions did Lincoln take to keep control of the border-states? Compare and Contrast the North and South on the eve of the Civil War in terms of advantages that each had. 6. What steps did Lincoln take to prepare the North for war? 7. What were some ways that the federal government expanded its power during the Civil War? 8. What role did Secretary of State William Seward play during the Civil War? 9. What problems did the Confederates face early in the War? 10. What was the Peninsular Campaign, and what was the result? 11. How was the war going for the Union in the West?(Mississippi and Tenn.) 12. Who were Quantrell’s Raiders? 13. What role did naval forces play in the Civil War, and how effective were they? 14. What did blacks do as the Union troops moved South? 15. What was the Emancipation Proclamation, and why didn’t Lincoln end slavery all together? 16. What impact did the Emancipation Proclamation have on blacks enlisting in the army? 17. What was life like for blacks that enlisted in the army? 18. What were some reasons for the high casualty rates of the Civil War? 19. What duties did the nurses perform during the Civil War? 20. Describe what life was like for the common soldier of the Civil War? 21. How did Lincoln deal with Confederate sympathizers? 22. Lincoln is viewed now as a great leader, but how did people in his own party view him? 23. What economic problems did the North and South face during the Civil War? 24. What was the cause and effect of the 1863 Draft Riots in NYC? 25. How was 1863 the turning point of the Civil War? 26. How did Grant and Sherman’s tactics change in 1864? 27. What challenges did Lincoln face during the 1864 Election? 28. How did the Civil War end differently than most other Civil Wars? 29. How could Lincoln be considered the most tormented president in American History? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.