Download OUTDOOR SCIENCE SCHOOL VOC (#1 – Test)

OUTDOOR SCIENCE SCHOOL VOC (#3 – Test)
[Terms in BLUE were previously defined]
1. (1-3 Pg 80) VOLCANISM – two mountain building processes in which magma
(molten rock) either breaks through the surface (lava) = volcano,
OR pushes up the earth’s crust = doming
(a) volcanism is one of nature’s “constructive” forces
2. (3 Pg 80) GEOLOGY – the scientific study of the structure of the earth, its history,
and the forces that affect it, plus rocks and minerals
3. (3 Pg 80) EXTINCTION – the condition of having been removed from existence
(a) volcanoes = no longer active or having eruptions
(b) plants & animals = none of their species exist any longer or their
numbers are so small they cannot reproduce quickly
enough for their species to survive
4. (1-3 Pg 81) ORGANISM – any living thing, plant or animal (unicellular or multicellular)
(a) also an agent of mechanical and chemical weathering
(b) (e.g.) mechanical weathering: plant roots, burrowing animals
(e.g.) chemical weathering: lichen, moss
5. (1-3 Pg 81) BIOTIC – pertaining to life and living things
(a) synonym = organism; organic
(b) antonym = abiotic
(c) (e.g.) in soil  the decayed plant and animal remains
6. (3 Pg 81) FOSSIL – remains or impressions of plants or animal naturally preserved
mostly in sedimentary rocks
(a) TYPES OF FOSSILS:
True Form  fossils of the actual plant/animal (e.g. bones, teeth)
Trace Fossil / Ichnofossil  indicates animal evidence (e.g. nests,
footprints, scat)
Mold Fossil  only the imprint of the organism remains after
decomposition
Cast Fossil  a natural occurring “replica” of the actual organism
7. (3 Pg 81) SEDIMENTARY ROCK – rock formed from bits of rock, plant and animal
remains material (sediment) deposited in water
and then transported from one place to another
(a) usually appears layered
(b) type of rock that contains fossils
(c) (e.g.) limestone, shale, coal
(at Dana Point Harbor) sandstone, conglomerate and breccia
8. (3 Pg 81) INSECT – an invertebrate (no backbone) with 3 body segments (head,
thorax, and abdomen), 3 pairs of legs and usually wings once it
reaches adulthood
(a) the kind of organism whose life cycle consists of an egg, larva, pupa
and adult stages in complete metamorphosis OR egg, nymph and
adult stages in incomplete/simple metamorphosis
(b) insects are the most numerous animal on Earth
(c) insects/invertebrates are one of the largest groups of decomposers
9. (3 Pg 81) AMPHIBIAN – a cold-blooded, vertebrate without scales, feathers, fur
or hair which has gills in the early stages of development;
living partly in aquatic habitats and partly on dry land
(a) (e.g.) frog, salamander
10. (3 Pg 81) REPTILE – a cold-blooded (ectothermic), air breathing (has lungs)
vertebrate (with a backbone) covered with scales or boney
plates (reduces water loss)
(a) (e.g.) snakes, alligators, lizards, turtles, chameleons
11. (3 Pg 82) SCAVENGER – an organism which ingests (eats) dead (carrion / carcass)
animals
(a) (e.g.) vulture, buzzard, condor, jackal, hyenas, catfish
12. (2/3 Pg 82) DECOMPOSER – a plant or animal which feeds on dead material causing
its breakdown into a simpler form
(a) F B I: (mnemonic device) for the 3 largest groups of decomposers:
F = fungus; B = bacteria; I = invertebrate/insects
13. (1-3 Pg 82) ROCK – a non-living (abiotic) material composed of one or more
minerals
(a) “3” types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic
14. (1/3 Pg 82) CONSUMER – an organism, that preys on and ingests (eats) other
organisms
(a) synonym = heterotroph
(b) antonym = producer; autotroph
(c) “4” types: herbivores, carnivores, omnivores and insectivores
(d) (e.g.) rabbit, hawk, humans, spiders
(e) 1st level consumer = eats producers [(e.g.) mouse]
2nd level consumer = eats a 1st level consumer [(e.g.) hawk]
Tertiary consumer = eats a 2nd level consumer [(e.g.) mountain lion]
15. (1-3 Pg 82) MINERAL – an inorganic (non-living/abiotic) substance found in
nature (not human made) which forms rocks
(a) has a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure
16. (3 Pg 82) WOOD – the part of a tree that supports the tree and carries water and
nutrients from the roots to the leaves
(a) also known as “heartwood” - the “backbone” of the tree holding the
tree upright and supporting its mass
(b) phloem - the “living tissues” carrying sugars (glucose), produced
by photosynthesis, and nutrients to all parts of the plant
found in the inner most layer of the bark
(c) xylem – transports water and some nutrients from the roots to the
rest of the plant
17. (3 Pg 83) HABITAT – a region where a plant or animal naturally lives, which
includes food, water, shelter and space suitable to the
organism’s needs
18. (3 Pg 83) SCAT – animal droppings or feces
(a) Scatology is the study of animal diet through the examination of scat
19. (1-3 Pg 84) ENVIRONMENT – ALL the various living organisms (biotic) and the
nonliving conditions (abiotic factors) that affect the lives
of those organisms at any point during their life cycle
20. (3 Pg 84) AQUATIC – living or growing in or on water
(a) “substrate” is H2O
21. (3 Pg 84) ADAPTATION – a change in structure or habit of an organism that
produces better adjustment to the environment
22. (2/3 Pg 85) EROSION – the wearing away of earth or rock, which is then
transported by air, water, gravity, or changes in temperature
(a) erosion is one of nature’s “destructive” forces
23. (3 Pg 85) SOIL COMPACTION – a process that increases the density of soil
through impact on the surface layers
24. (3 Pg 85) QUARTZ – common mineral, usually white or opaque (cannot see
through)
nd
(a) 2 most abundant mineral on Earth
(b) used in making glass and watches
25. (1-3 Pg 86; 206) PLATE TECTONIC THEORY – concept of continent formation
through the process of slowly moving plates in response
to the convection movement of the magma in the mantle
(a) the plates carry the continental crust and oceanic crust
(b) 7 “primary” lithospheric tectonic plates
*Pacific Plate
*African Plate
*North American Plate
*Antarctic Plate
*South American Plate
*Indo-Australian Plate
*Eurasian Plate
(c) North American Plate = continental USA, most of CA, and the San
Bernardino Mountains
Pacific Plate = mostly oceanic crust, Southern California & Hawaii
(d) Plate movement in one year = 3-5 cm (very slow)
26. (2/3 Pg 87; 208) CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES – when two plates collide
with each other with the density (heaviness) of the
plates determining which plate comes out on top
(a) oceanic crust vs oceanic crust at a trench  the denser oceanic crust
gets subducted below the less dense plate
(b) oceanic crust vs continental crust  the continental crust gets pushed up
over the oceanic crust
(c) continental crust vs continental crust  pushes both plates upward
forming mountains ranges (i.e. Himalayas)
(d) (drawing)
27. (2/3 Pg 87; 209) DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES – two plates moving
apart/away from each other
(a) (e.g.) mid-ocean ridge (in the Atlantic Ocean)
(b) (e.g.) continental crust (rift valley)
(c) (drawing)
28. (2/3 Pg 87; 209) TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARIES – two plates sliding /
slipping past each other, moving in opposite directions
(a) (e.g.) North American Plate and Pacific Plate
(b) (drawing)
29. (3 Pg 87) TRANSVERSE RANGE – a mountain range running east-to-west to the
more commonly found ranges running north and south
(a) (e.g.) San Bernardino Mountains & Santa Monica Mountains
30. (2/3 Pg 87) WEATHERING – the process of breaking down rock from mountainsized to grains of sand by such forces as water, ice,
chemicals, growing plants and changing temperatures
(a) 2 types: mechanical/physical (e.g. release of pressure, freeze/thaw,
plant growth, abrasion, animal action)
chemical (e.g. H2O, O2, CO2, organisms, acid rain, lichen,
oxidation)
(b) weathering is one of nature’s “destructive” forces
31. (1-3 Pg 88) CLIMATE – the average weather conditions of an area over a long
period of time
(a) California’s climate = “mediterranean”
32. (1/3 Pg 88) WEATHER – condition of the Earth’s atmosphere at a given time and
place
(a) Consists of: precipitation, temperature, wind velocity, humidity, air
pressure, etc…
33. (1-3 Pg 88) PRECIPITATION – a water cycle term referring to water being
“deposited” on Earth in various forms
(a) (e.g.) rain, snow, sleet, hail or mist
34. (1/3 Pg 88) PRODUCER – an organism, usually a green plant, which produces its
own organic compound (glucose) through the process of photosynthesis
(a) synonym = autotroph
(b) antonym = consumer (heterotroph)
(c) (e.g.) grass, trees, algae
35. (3 Pg 88) ANNUAL RING – the layer of wood produced by the growth of a tree in a
single year
(a) synonym = growth ring; tree rings
(b) light wood  “spring” growth
dark wood  “summer” growth
(c) wide growth ring  good growing conditions
narrow growth ring  poor growing conditions
36. (3 Pg 88) PROTOZOA – microscopic, one-celled animal/plant-like organisms
belonging to the protist kingdom
(a) protozoa and algae = plankton (primary autotrophs in aquatic food webs
and the primary producers of oxygen [O2])
(b) 2 types: plant-like (i.e.) spirogyra, volvox, diatoms
animal-like (i.e.) paramecium, ameba, euglena
37. (1-3 Pg 88) ATMOSPHERE – the layers of gases surrounding the Earth and other
planets
(a) Composition: 78% nitrogen [N], 21% oxygen [O], 0.9% argon
[Ar], 0.03% carbon-dioxide [CO2]
(b) Layers: troposphere = lowest layer that we live in
stratosphere = the ozone layer [O3]
mesosphere = meteors burn up and their trails are visible
thermosphere = air is very thin
ionosphere = aurora borealis (Northern Lights) occurs
exosphere = communication satellites orbit Earth
38. (3 Pg 96; 219) FOLDING – a mountain building process in which pressure from
two, opposing directions cause “buckling” in the earth’s surface
(a) it is one of nature’s “constructive” forces
(b) identifiable by their gentle slopes and rounded mountain tops
39. (3 Pg 96; 220) FAULTING – a mountain building process due to fracturing of the
Earth’s crust with observable displacement
(a) faulting is one of nature’s “constructive” forces
(b) identifiable by their steep slopes and jagged mountain tops
40. (1-3 Pg 96) MAGMA – molten (melted) rock material
(a) when exposed at the surface = lava
41. (3 Pg 97) IGNEOUS ROCK – a rock formed by the cooling and hardening of
molten rock (magma)
(a) (e.g.) granite or any volcanic rock (pumice, basalt, Pele’s hair, obsidian)
42. (3 Pg 97) METAMORPHIC ROCK – a rock that has undergone a change through
heat and pressure due to being forced down farther into the crust,
which causes the mineral grains to become flattened and aligned
(a) “recycled” form of : igneous, sedimentary or other existing
metamorphic rocks
(b) (e.g.) marble (limestone), gneiss (granite), slate (shale), schist (granite), and
quartzite (sandstone)