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OUTDOOR SCIENCE SCHOOL VOC (#3 – Test) [Terms in BLUE were previously defined] 1. (1-3 Pg 80) VOLCANISM – two mountain building processes in which magma (molten rock) either breaks through the surface (lava) = volcano, OR pushes up the earth’s crust = doming (a) volcanism is one of nature’s “constructive” forces 2. (3 Pg 80) GEOLOGY – the scientific study of the structure of the earth, its history, and the forces that affect it, plus rocks and minerals 3. (3 Pg 80) EXTINCTION – the condition of having been removed from existence (a) volcanoes = no longer active or having eruptions (b) plants & animals = none of their species exist any longer or their numbers are so small they cannot reproduce quickly enough for their species to survive 4. (1-3 Pg 81) ORGANISM – any living thing, plant or animal (unicellular or multicellular) (a) also an agent of mechanical and chemical weathering (b) (e.g.) mechanical weathering: plant roots, burrowing animals (e.g.) chemical weathering: lichen, moss 5. (1-3 Pg 81) BIOTIC – pertaining to life and living things (a) synonym = organism; organic (b) antonym = abiotic (c) (e.g.) in soil the decayed plant and animal remains 6. (3 Pg 81) FOSSIL – remains or impressions of plants or animal naturally preserved mostly in sedimentary rocks (a) TYPES OF FOSSILS: True Form fossils of the actual plant/animal (e.g. bones, teeth) Trace Fossil / Ichnofossil indicates animal evidence (e.g. nests, footprints, scat) Mold Fossil only the imprint of the organism remains after decomposition Cast Fossil a natural occurring “replica” of the actual organism 7. (3 Pg 81) SEDIMENTARY ROCK – rock formed from bits of rock, plant and animal remains material (sediment) deposited in water and then transported from one place to another (a) usually appears layered (b) type of rock that contains fossils (c) (e.g.) limestone, shale, coal (at Dana Point Harbor) sandstone, conglomerate and breccia 8. (3 Pg 81) INSECT – an invertebrate (no backbone) with 3 body segments (head, thorax, and abdomen), 3 pairs of legs and usually wings once it reaches adulthood (a) the kind of organism whose life cycle consists of an egg, larva, pupa and adult stages in complete metamorphosis OR egg, nymph and adult stages in incomplete/simple metamorphosis (b) insects are the most numerous animal on Earth (c) insects/invertebrates are one of the largest groups of decomposers 9. (3 Pg 81) AMPHIBIAN – a cold-blooded, vertebrate without scales, feathers, fur or hair which has gills in the early stages of development; living partly in aquatic habitats and partly on dry land (a) (e.g.) frog, salamander 10. (3 Pg 81) REPTILE – a cold-blooded (ectothermic), air breathing (has lungs) vertebrate (with a backbone) covered with scales or boney plates (reduces water loss) (a) (e.g.) snakes, alligators, lizards, turtles, chameleons 11. (3 Pg 82) SCAVENGER – an organism which ingests (eats) dead (carrion / carcass) animals (a) (e.g.) vulture, buzzard, condor, jackal, hyenas, catfish 12. (2/3 Pg 82) DECOMPOSER – a plant or animal which feeds on dead material causing its breakdown into a simpler form (a) F B I: (mnemonic device) for the 3 largest groups of decomposers: F = fungus; B = bacteria; I = invertebrate/insects 13. (1-3 Pg 82) ROCK – a non-living (abiotic) material composed of one or more minerals (a) “3” types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic 14. (1/3 Pg 82) CONSUMER – an organism, that preys on and ingests (eats) other organisms (a) synonym = heterotroph (b) antonym = producer; autotroph (c) “4” types: herbivores, carnivores, omnivores and insectivores (d) (e.g.) rabbit, hawk, humans, spiders (e) 1st level consumer = eats producers [(e.g.) mouse] 2nd level consumer = eats a 1st level consumer [(e.g.) hawk] Tertiary consumer = eats a 2nd level consumer [(e.g.) mountain lion] 15. (1-3 Pg 82) MINERAL – an inorganic (non-living/abiotic) substance found in nature (not human made) which forms rocks (a) has a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure 16. (3 Pg 82) WOOD – the part of a tree that supports the tree and carries water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves (a) also known as “heartwood” - the “backbone” of the tree holding the tree upright and supporting its mass (b) phloem - the “living tissues” carrying sugars (glucose), produced by photosynthesis, and nutrients to all parts of the plant found in the inner most layer of the bark (c) xylem – transports water and some nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant 17. (3 Pg 83) HABITAT – a region where a plant or animal naturally lives, which includes food, water, shelter and space suitable to the organism’s needs 18. (3 Pg 83) SCAT – animal droppings or feces (a) Scatology is the study of animal diet through the examination of scat 19. (1-3 Pg 84) ENVIRONMENT – ALL the various living organisms (biotic) and the nonliving conditions (abiotic factors) that affect the lives of those organisms at any point during their life cycle 20. (3 Pg 84) AQUATIC – living or growing in or on water (a) “substrate” is H2O 21. (3 Pg 84) ADAPTATION – a change in structure or habit of an organism that produces better adjustment to the environment 22. (2/3 Pg 85) EROSION – the wearing away of earth or rock, which is then transported by air, water, gravity, or changes in temperature (a) erosion is one of nature’s “destructive” forces 23. (3 Pg 85) SOIL COMPACTION – a process that increases the density of soil through impact on the surface layers 24. (3 Pg 85) QUARTZ – common mineral, usually white or opaque (cannot see through) nd (a) 2 most abundant mineral on Earth (b) used in making glass and watches 25. (1-3 Pg 86; 206) PLATE TECTONIC THEORY – concept of continent formation through the process of slowly moving plates in response to the convection movement of the magma in the mantle (a) the plates carry the continental crust and oceanic crust (b) 7 “primary” lithospheric tectonic plates *Pacific Plate *African Plate *North American Plate *Antarctic Plate *South American Plate *Indo-Australian Plate *Eurasian Plate (c) North American Plate = continental USA, most of CA, and the San Bernardino Mountains Pacific Plate = mostly oceanic crust, Southern California & Hawaii (d) Plate movement in one year = 3-5 cm (very slow) 26. (2/3 Pg 87; 208) CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES – when two plates collide with each other with the density (heaviness) of the plates determining which plate comes out on top (a) oceanic crust vs oceanic crust at a trench the denser oceanic crust gets subducted below the less dense plate (b) oceanic crust vs continental crust the continental crust gets pushed up over the oceanic crust (c) continental crust vs continental crust pushes both plates upward forming mountains ranges (i.e. Himalayas) (d) (drawing) 27. (2/3 Pg 87; 209) DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES – two plates moving apart/away from each other (a) (e.g.) mid-ocean ridge (in the Atlantic Ocean) (b) (e.g.) continental crust (rift valley) (c) (drawing) 28. (2/3 Pg 87; 209) TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARIES – two plates sliding / slipping past each other, moving in opposite directions (a) (e.g.) North American Plate and Pacific Plate (b) (drawing) 29. (3 Pg 87) TRANSVERSE RANGE – a mountain range running east-to-west to the more commonly found ranges running north and south (a) (e.g.) San Bernardino Mountains & Santa Monica Mountains 30. (2/3 Pg 87) WEATHERING – the process of breaking down rock from mountainsized to grains of sand by such forces as water, ice, chemicals, growing plants and changing temperatures (a) 2 types: mechanical/physical (e.g. release of pressure, freeze/thaw, plant growth, abrasion, animal action) chemical (e.g. H2O, O2, CO2, organisms, acid rain, lichen, oxidation) (b) weathering is one of nature’s “destructive” forces 31. (1-3 Pg 88) CLIMATE – the average weather conditions of an area over a long period of time (a) California’s climate = “mediterranean” 32. (1/3 Pg 88) WEATHER – condition of the Earth’s atmosphere at a given time and place (a) Consists of: precipitation, temperature, wind velocity, humidity, air pressure, etc… 33. (1-3 Pg 88) PRECIPITATION – a water cycle term referring to water being “deposited” on Earth in various forms (a) (e.g.) rain, snow, sleet, hail or mist 34. (1/3 Pg 88) PRODUCER – an organism, usually a green plant, which produces its own organic compound (glucose) through the process of photosynthesis (a) synonym = autotroph (b) antonym = consumer (heterotroph) (c) (e.g.) grass, trees, algae 35. (3 Pg 88) ANNUAL RING – the layer of wood produced by the growth of a tree in a single year (a) synonym = growth ring; tree rings (b) light wood “spring” growth dark wood “summer” growth (c) wide growth ring good growing conditions narrow growth ring poor growing conditions 36. (3 Pg 88) PROTOZOA – microscopic, one-celled animal/plant-like organisms belonging to the protist kingdom (a) protozoa and algae = plankton (primary autotrophs in aquatic food webs and the primary producers of oxygen [O2]) (b) 2 types: plant-like (i.e.) spirogyra, volvox, diatoms animal-like (i.e.) paramecium, ameba, euglena 37. (1-3 Pg 88) ATMOSPHERE – the layers of gases surrounding the Earth and other planets (a) Composition: 78% nitrogen [N], 21% oxygen [O], 0.9% argon [Ar], 0.03% carbon-dioxide [CO2] (b) Layers: troposphere = lowest layer that we live in stratosphere = the ozone layer [O3] mesosphere = meteors burn up and their trails are visible thermosphere = air is very thin ionosphere = aurora borealis (Northern Lights) occurs exosphere = communication satellites orbit Earth 38. (3 Pg 96; 219) FOLDING – a mountain building process in which pressure from two, opposing directions cause “buckling” in the earth’s surface (a) it is one of nature’s “constructive” forces (b) identifiable by their gentle slopes and rounded mountain tops 39. (3 Pg 96; 220) FAULTING – a mountain building process due to fracturing of the Earth’s crust with observable displacement (a) faulting is one of nature’s “constructive” forces (b) identifiable by their steep slopes and jagged mountain tops 40. (1-3 Pg 96) MAGMA – molten (melted) rock material (a) when exposed at the surface = lava 41. (3 Pg 97) IGNEOUS ROCK – a rock formed by the cooling and hardening of molten rock (magma) (a) (e.g.) granite or any volcanic rock (pumice, basalt, Pele’s hair, obsidian) 42. (3 Pg 97) METAMORPHIC ROCK – a rock that has undergone a change through heat and pressure due to being forced down farther into the crust, which causes the mineral grains to become flattened and aligned (a) “recycled” form of : igneous, sedimentary or other existing metamorphic rocks (b) (e.g.) marble (limestone), gneiss (granite), slate (shale), schist (granite), and quartzite (sandstone)