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BI 200 - Exam #1A Spring 2002 Name Lab Section. Seat# Disclaimer Consider each question, and answer each in the appropriate format (e.g., multiple choice). You may qualify your answer if you have reservations. If your comments have merit, you may receive partial or full credit. Questions are 1 point each unless indicated. Introduction/Seven types of microorganisms 1. A yeast cell measures 0.010 mm in diameter. How many m is that? 2. Which of the following is not a type of archaea? a. b. c. d. extreme thermophile methanogen halophile ciliate 3. You observe a specimen under your microscope that is 0.4 mm in length, has mouth parts, legs, and wings. It is an example of a(n) a. b. c. d. e. bacterium protozoan fungus archaean metazoan 4. E. coli is about _______ in length. a. b. c. d. 0.2 m 0.2 mm 2 m 2 mm 5. The E. coli chromosome contains about _________ genes a. b. c. d. 4 4,000 4.5 x 106 4.5 x 109 BI 200 - Exam #1B Spring 2002 Name Lab Section. Seat# Disclaimer Consider each question, and answer each in the appropriate format (e.g., multiple choice). You may qualify your answer if you have reservations. If your comments have merit, you may receive partial or full credit. Questions are 1 point each unless indicated. Introduction/Seven types of microorganisms 1. You measure a microbe to be 150 m in length. How many mm is that? 2. Which of the following is not a type of archaea? a. b. c. d. extreme thermophile cyanobacterium halophile methanogen 3. You observe a specimen under your microscope that is 0.4 mm in length, has mouth parts, legs, and wings. It is an example of a(n) a. b. c. d. e. bacterium protozoan fungus archaean metazoan 4. E. coli is about _______ in length. a. b. c. d. 0.2 m 0.2 mm 2 m 2 mm 5. The E. coli chromosome contains about _________ base pairs. a. b. c. d. 4 4,000 4.5 x 106 4.5 x 109 6. Which of the following is not an attribute of all living things? a. Metabolism c. Growth b. Motility d. Communication 7. Indicate (yes/no) for each type of microorganism if it contains a nucleus. 3 pts _____ Archaea ______ Protozoa ______ Virus _____ Fungus ______ Bacteria _____ Algae 8. What are the names of the following coding functions of the cell? Choices: DNA Replication, Transcription, Translation, Sporulation. 1.5 points Synthesis of proteins ______________________ Making a new copy of the chromosome ______________________ Synthesizing mRNA molecules ______________________ 9. Which of the three lines of descent include microscopic representatives? (yes/no) 1.5 pts Archaea _______ Bacteria _______ Eukaryotes ________ History of Microbiology 10. Who was the first person to study microorganisms in detail using a microscope? 11. What technique did Pasteur invent in order to control the growth of microorganisms? 12. What are the four steps or tests a microbe must pass in order for it to be shown to cause a disease? (What are Koch’s postulates?) 4 points 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. Viruses do not show which of the following hallmarks of cellular life? a. Metabolism c. Growth b. Evolution d. Communication 7. Indicate (yes/no) for each type of microorganism if it contains a nucleus. 3 pts _____ Archaea ______ Protozoa ______ Virus _____ Fungus ______ Bacteria _____ Algae 8. What are the names of the following coding functions of the cell? Choices: DNA Replication, Transcription, Translation, Dehydration. 1.5 points Synthesis of proteins ______________________ Making a new copy of the chromosome ______________________ Synthesizing mRNA molecules ______________________ 9. Which of the three lines of descent include macroscopic representatives? (yes/no) 1.5 points Archaea _______ Bacteria _______ Eukaryotes ________ History of Microbiology 10. What role does dust play in the swan neck flask experiment? 11. What technique did Koch need to invent to support the germ theory of disease? 12. What are the four steps or tests a microbe must pass in order for it to be shown to cause a disease? (What are Koch’s postulates?) 4 points 1. 2. 3. 4. 13. Match the scientist with their contribution to microbiology. 4 points _____ Koch A. Discovered penicillin _____ Ventner B. Enrichment culture method _____ Fleming C. Study of hot springs bacteria _____ Woese D. Discovery of archaea _____ Beijerinck E. Importance of hygiene _____ Lister F. Discovered the cause of Anthrax _____ Brock G. Sequenced genomes Biological Chemistry/Protein Structure 14. Draw the structure of water and indicate the + and - areas. 2 points 15. How many covalent bonds does each of the following elements normally form? H- C- O- N- 16. Circle the correct word. Hydrophobic molecules are (attracted, repelled) by water. 17. Hydrogen bonding is important in a. b. c. d. the primary structure of proteins the stability of membranes the double helix of DNA all of the above 18. Draw the dehydration reaction between two amino acids leading to the formation of a peptide bond. Indicate the functional groups of the two amino acids as R1 and R2. Put a box around the peptide bond. 5 points 13. Match the scientist with their contribution to microbiology _____ Koch A. Discovered penicillin _____ Ventner B. Enrichment culture method _____ Fleming C. Study of hot springs bacteria _____ Woese D. Discovery of archaea _____ Beijerinck E. Importance of hygiene _____ Lister F. Discovered the cause of Anthrax _____ Brock G. Sequenced genomes Biological Chemistry/Protein Structure 14. Draw the structure of water and indicate the + and - areas. 2 points 15. How many covalent bonds does each of the following elements normally form? H- C- O- N- 16. Circle the correct word. Hydrophillic molecules are (attracted, repelled) by water. 17. Hydrogen bonding is important in a. b. c. d. the primary structure of proteins the stability of membranes the double helix of DNA all of the above 18. Draw the dehydration reaction between two amino acids leading to the formation of a peptide bond. Indicate the functional groups of the two amino acids as R1 and R2. Put a box around the peptide bond. 5 points Membrane Structure and Transport 19. Cell membranes are (rigid, flexible) and are (excellent, poor) chemical barriers. 20. What kind of linkages are involved in attachment of fatty acids to glycerol in eukaryotes and bacteria? How about archaea? 2 points Circle the correct word in each pair 21. The fatty acids of bacteria are usually linear, but may contain ring structures called (sterols, hopanoids). 22. In archaea, the fatty acids are branched molecules called (sterols, phytanyls), which are made of (sterol, isoprene) subunits. 2 points 23. Thermophillic archaea have a lipid monolayer composed of (glycerol diethers, biphytanyl tetraethers). 24. Define osmosis. 2 points 25. Which requires energy, diffusion or transport? 26. Maltose enters the cell with the help of three proteins: a periplasmic binding protein, a channel protein in the membrane, and an ATP kinase on the inside of the cell. a. b. c. d. e. Passive diffusion Primary active transport Secondary active transport Group translocation “ABC” transport 27. Glucose is chemically altered upon entering the cell. a. b. c. d. e. Osmosis Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Active transport Group translocation This is an example of: 28. Glycerol enters the cell by moving from high concentration to low concentration, and shows saturation kinetics. This is an example of: a. b. c. d. e. Osmosis Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Active transport Group translocation 29. Lactose enters the cell at the same time as a proton. This is an example of: a. b. c. d. primary active transport secondary active transport - uniporter secondary active transport - symporter secondary active transport - antiporter Polysaccharides and Cell Wall Structures 30. Which of the following is -glucose? 31. Which form of glucose makes a more soluble polymer, alpha or beta? 32. Cell walls are (rigid, flexible) and are (excellent, poor) chemical barriers. 33. Complete the following table, indicating the chemical structure of cell walls. 4 pts Microorganism Algae Polymer Bond Arrangement 1->4 Sub-units Fungi Bacteria Archaea Pseudomurein N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyltauronic acid 28. Glycerol enters the cell by moving from high concentration to low concentration, and does show saturation kinetics. This is an example of: a. b. c. d. e. Osmosis Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Active transport Group translocation 29. Lactose enters the cell at the same time as a proton. This is an example of: a. b. c. d. primary active transport secondary active transport - uniporter secondary active transport - symporter secondary active transport - antiporter Polysaccharides and Cell Wall Structures 30. Which of the following is -glucose? 31. Which form of glucose makes a more polymer that is not digestible by humans , alpha or beta? 32. Cell walls are (rigid, flexible) and are (excellent, poor) chemical barriers. 33. Complete the following table, indicating the chemical structure of cell walls. 4 pts Microorganism Algae Polymer Bond Arrangement 1->4 Sub-units Fungi Bacteria Archaea Pseudomurein N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyltauronic acid 34. In bacterial cell walls, the polymer of NAG and NAM is cross-linked by a. sugars b. amino acids c. nucleotides d. disulfides 35. Circle the correct letters. ( D, L ) – Stereoisomers of sugars and ( D, L ) – forms of amino acids are normally found in nature. 36. Distinguish how lysozyme and penicillin affect bacterial cell walls. Specifically, which parts of peptidoglycans are affected, and does each affect growing cells or existing cells? 2 points 37. Draw the arrangement of the gram negative cell envelope. Include the following things: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoprotein, peptidoglycan, porins, cytoplasmic and outer membranes, periplasm, and cytoplasm. 4 points 38. Which of the following is not part of Lipopolysaccharide? a. b. c. d. N-acetyltalosaminouronic acid O-specific polysaccharide Lipid A Core polysaccharide 39. Indicate if each item is associated with gram-negative cell walls, gram-positive cell walls, or both? 2 points Teichoic acid _____________ Diaminopimelic acid _____________ Outer membranes _____________ Pentaglycine interbridges _____________ Nucleic acids in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes 40. Of the five Carbon atoms in ribose and deoxyribose, match the structural significance of each with the carbon number. 2.5 points _____ C1 A. Phosphate group is attached to this C _____ C2 B. No particular importance _____ C3 C. Is missing an O atom in deoxyribose _____ C4 D. Free hydroxyl is where next nucleotide is attached _____ C5 E. Nitrogenous base (A,G,C,T,U) attached here 41. Of adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil, which are found in RNA? 42. Indicate which nucleotides are complimentary, and how many hydrogen bonds are shared. 2 points 38. Which of the following is not part of Lipopolysaccharide? a. b. c. d. N-acetyltalosaminouronic acid O-specific polysaccharide Lipid A Core polysaccharide 39. Indicate if each item is associated with gram-negative cell walls, gram-positive cell walls, or both? 2 points Teichoic acid _____________ Diaminopimelic acid _____________ Outer membranes _____________ Pentaglycine interbridges _____________ Nucleic acids in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes 40. Of the five Carbon atoms in ribose and deoxyribose, match the structural significance of each with the carbon number. 2.5 points _____ C1 A. Phosphate group is attached to this C _____ C2 B. No particular importance _____ C3 C. Is missing an O atom in deoxyribose _____ C4 D. Free hydroxyl is where next nucleotide is attached _____ C5 E. Nitrogenous base (A,G,C,T,U) attached here 41. Of adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil which are found in DNA? 42. Indicate which nucleotides are complementary, and how many hydrogen bonds are shared. 2 points 43. Complete the following table comparing the arrangement of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes. 5 points Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Shape of Chromosome Number of Chromosomes Copies of Each Chromosome Compartmentalization of Chromosome Supercoiling Involves Histones? Motility in prokaryotes and eukaryotes 44. Draw a bacterium with lophotrichous flagella. 45. Do bacteria judge their environment by area (spatially) or over the course of time (temporally)? 46. Amoeba slink along with a false “foot” formed from reshaping their cytoskeleton. This extension is called a 43.5 Complete the following table comparing the arrangement of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes. 5 points Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Shape of Chromosome Number of Chromosomes Copies of Each Chromosome Compartmentalization of Chromosome Supercoiling Involves Histones? Motility in prokaryotes and eukaryotes 44. Draw a bacterium with peritrichous flagella. 45. Do bacteria judge their environment by area (spatially) or over the course of time (temporally)? 46. Amoeba slink along with a false “foot” formed from reshaping their cytoskeleton. This extension is called a 47. Compare Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic motility by completing the following table. 4 points Trait or Property Appendages related to motility Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Name of proteins that the appendages are composed of Motion of appendages Energy source expended for motion Prokaryotic cell features 48. Which of the following are composed of protein? a. b. c. d. e. PHB Sulfur granules S-layer magnetite all of the above 49. Which is involved in “mating” or conjugation in bacteria like E. coli? a. b. c. d. e. glycocalyx fimbriae spore pili gamete 50. What are three advantages of having a capsule? Put a star by the most important. 4 points ABC- 51. What is the only truly biodegradable plastic? 52. Which two chemical compounds are associated with spores? Choices: Calcium, diaminopimelic acid, teichoic acid, dipicolinic acid, Iron, glycogen. 2 points 53. A photautotrophic bacterium lives in the surface water of ponds. It collects energy from sunlight, and uses CO2 gas as its sole source of carbon. Which two of the following internal features might you expect to find in the cytoplasm of the cell? 2 points Chloroplast organelles Carboxysomes Gas vesicles Fimbriae 53. Match the prokaryotic cell feature with the type of organism in (or on) which it might be found. 3.5 points _____ Sulfur granule A. An Archaea with no pseudomurein _____ Endospore B. Streptococcus mutans causing tooth decay _____ Magnetosome C. A Sulfur-oxidizing lithotroph like Beggiatoa _____ Capsule D. Neisseria gonorrhoeae _____ S-Layer E. A microaerophile such as Aquaspirillum _____ Gas vesicle F. Bacillus or Clostridium _____ Fimbriae G. A cyanobacterium like Anabena 4 free points!