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PRONOUNS A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. Pronouns receive their meaning from the words they represent, called antecedents, which means “to go before.” There are several kinds of pronouns, but we will study the personal pronoun first because it is used most frequently. A personal pronoun refers to a specific person or thing. It indicates the person speaking (first person), the person being addressed (second person), or any person or thing being discussed (third person). Personal pronouns, like nouns, have gender, person, and case. Unlike nouns, pronouns are inflected: they have different endings according to their purpose. Pronouns agree with antecedents in gender and number, but not necessarily in case. 1. Gender – pronouns change their form to indicate masculine, feminine, or neuter. 2. Number – Pronouns change their form to show the difference between singular and plural. 3. Case – Pronouns have the same case as nouns: nominative, objective, or possessive NOMINATIVE CASE OF PRONOUNS First person Second person Third person Singular I you he, she, it Plural we you they 1. Subject of the Sentence The subject of a sentence is always in the nominative case. Jack received his letterman sweater last week. Jack, the subject, is in the nominative case. He earned his letterman sweater last week. He, the subject, is in the nominative case (Whenever you write essays, your pronouns must have antecedents. In our study of pronouns, however, the antecedent cannot always be present because we are working with isolated sentences.) 2. Subject Complement (sometimes called a predicate nominative) – follows a linking verb and refers back to the subject. The noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb must have the same case as the subject. The subject is in the nominative case; therefore, the subject complement is in the nominative case. Linking Verbs Am Nominative Case I am, you are, he is, she is it is, we are, you are, they are be he will be, she will be, they will be, you will be, I will be been she has been, he has been, we have been, they have been It could never have been she in the locker room. It is I in the room. That must have been they working in the lab. REVIEW: A pronoun has two uses in the nominative case; subject of a sentence and subject complement (predicate nominative). OBJECTIVE CASE OF PRONOUNS First person Second Person Third Person Singular me you him, her, it Plural us you them 1. Direct Object of a Sentence A pronoun being used as a direct object in a sentence, should always use the objective case We will carry them to the car 2. Indirect Object of a sentence A pronoun being used as an indirect object in a sentence should always be in the objective case. Give me a hand with the tables. Remember, you cannot have an indirect object unless there is a direct object!!! 3. Object of the Preposition A pronoun being used as an object of a preposition should always be in the objective case. The four of us went to the party. Be sure to keep this information between you and me. REVIEW: A pronoun has three uses in its objective case: direct object, indirect object and the object of a preposition. First Person Second Person Third Person POSSESSIVE CASE OF PRONOUNS Singular Plural my, mine our, ours your, yours your, yours her, hers, his, its their, theirs The possessive case is used when pronouns are used to shown ownership.