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Name ________________________________ Class___________ Date _________________ Grade 7 Science: Benchmark #2 Earth Science Multiple Choice: Choose the number that best answers the question and write it on the line. (1 point each) _____1. Limestone is a sedimentary rock and marble is a metamorphic rock. Even though limestone and marble have the same chemical makeup, they are classified as different rocks because they (1) were formed from different fossils (2) formed at different times (3) took different amounts of time to form (4) formed by different methods _____2. Which information would probably be least reliable for someone trying to identify a mineral sample? (1) location and mass of the sample (2) shape and texture of the sample (3) hardness and streak of the sample (4) color and size of the sample _____3. In which type of rock is the fossil imprint of a fern leaf most likely to be found? (1) igneous (2) sedimentary (3) metamorphic (4) volcanic _____4. Part of the east coast of South America and the west coast of Africa have matching fossils within the same series of rock layers. This provides evidence that these two continents were once (1) separated by a much larger ocean (2) joined together as one landmass (3) located near the North Pole (4) in a different hemisphere _____5. Many scientists believe that crustal plate movement occurs because of convection cells contained in Earth’s (1) crust (3) outer core (2) mantle (4) inner core _____6. Dust and ash entering the atmosphere as a result of volcanic eruptions can affect Earth’s (1) tidal activity (2) orbital shape (3) weather and climate (4) rotation and revolution 1 _____7. The surface of Earth is covered by a relatively thin layer of water called the (1) crust (2) hydrosphere (3) mantle (4) atmosphere _____8. Movement of Earth’s crust along plate boundaries produces (1) fronts (2) hurricanes (3) tides (4) earthquakes _____9. Igneous rocks are formed by (1) weathering (2) volcanic activity (3) cementation (4) sedimentation _____10. The map below shows the probable location of some of the continents at one time in the past. What feature of the continents best suggests that they were once joined? (1) Some continents fit together like puzzle parts. (2) Some continents are the same size. (3) All continents have mountain ranges. (4) All continents contain the same crustal composition . 2 _____11. The diagram below shows a penny scratching the surface of the mineral calcite. Which physical property of the calcite is being tested? (1) streak (2) melting point (3) hardness (4) reaction to acid _____12. If shell fragments are found in a rock sample, it is most likely that the rock formed (1) on a mountain slope (2) on a glacier (3) from magma (4) in shallow water _____13. The cross section below shows fossils and the rock layers in which they are found. Crustal movement has not displaced the rock layers. Which fossil is considered the oldest in the cross section shown? (1) armored fish (2) early horses (3) dinosaurs (4) trilobites 3 _____14. The bold line on the map below shows the San Andreas Fault. The San Andreas Fault is the result of (1) overpopulation (2) a large glacier (3) weathering and erosion (4) crustal plate movement _____15. The diagram below shows three stages in the formation of a beach. Which process is mostly responsible for the breaking down of the rock cliff into sand-sized sediment? (1) weathering (2) folding (3) faulting (4) precipitation 4 _____16. The cross section below shows sedimentary rock layers containing fossils. Assuming that these rock layers have not been overturned, which fossil is in the layer that was formed most recently? _____17. The diagram below shows a method for determining a physical property of a mineral. The results are shown for two minerals, galena and calcite. Which property of the galena and calcite is indicated by the color of the powder each leaves on the ceramic tile? (1) streak (2) hardness (3) reaction to an acid (4) reaction to a solvent 5 _____18. In which diagram are the layers of Earth correctly labeled? 19. The wearing away and removal of material is called (1) erosion (2) evaporation (3) condensation (4) sedimentation 6 20. The map below indicates the possible location of some of Earth’s continents in the past. Which evidence best supports the idea that the landmasses on Earth were once in these positions? (1) North America and India have matching mountain chains. (2) Madagascar and India have similar shapes. (3) Matching rock layers can be found in Africa and South America. (4) Bedrock in Australia and Greenland have glacier scratches. Total Multiple Choice: _________________ /20 points 7 Name ________________________________ Class___________ Date _________________ Grade 7 Science: Benchmark #2 Earth Science Short Answer Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the cross section below and on your knowledge of science. The cross section shows sedimentary rock layers containing fossils. The rock layers have not been overturned since they formed. 1. Explain why the trilobites are considered to be the oldest fossil in this diagram. [1 point] ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Explain how this diagram shows that all Earth’s rock layers were not formed at the same time. [1 point] ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Base your answers to questions 3 and 4 on the map below and on your knowledge of science. The darker shading on the map shows the most active earthquake areas. 8 3. The most active earthquake areas are associated with the boundaries of lithospheric plates. Explain what happens to the lithospheric plates at these boundaries that causes an earthquake. [1 point] ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Identify one geologic event, other than an earthquake, that may also occur in the darker shaded areas on the map. [1 point] _________________________________________ 5. The cross section below shows sedimentary bedrock along the shore of a lake. Identify the labeled part of the cross section that belongs to Earth’s hydrosphere. [1 point] _________________________________________ Base your answers to questions 6 and 7 on the student investigation described below and on your knowledge of science. A student is given a ruler and a hand lens and asked to make observations and inferences about a rock sample collected on a field trip. The student wrote the nine statements below. 1. The rock is mostly gray with white speckles on the outside surface. 2. When acid is placed on the rock, a bubbling reaction occurs at the white speckles. 3. The white speckles are probably the mineral calcite. 4. The rock probably formed in a water environment. 5. The rock measures 4 cm wide, 8 cm long, and 2 cm thick. 6. Fossil shells embedded in the rock can be seen with a hand lens. 7. If the rock is broken with a hammer, it will probably contain more fossil shells within its interior. 8. The rock has a smooth surface. 9. The smooth surface is most likely the result of weathering and erosion over many years. 6. List the numbers of the five student statements that are observations. [1 point] ____________, ____________, ____________, ____________, and ____________ 9 7. The student concluded that the rock was sedimentary in origin. What information from the student’s investigation supports this conclusion? [1 point] ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Base your answers to questions 8 and 9 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of science. The diagram shows a boundary between crustal plates. The arrows show the direction of plate movement. 8. What theory is used to explain the movement of crustal plates? [1 point] ________________________________________________________________________________ 9. Identify one geologic event that often occurs near this type of crustal plate boundary. [1 point] ______________________________________________________ 10. The data table below shows two physical properties of the minerals quartz and amphibole (hornblende). Select the physical property from the table that can distinguish quartz from amphibole and describe a procedure that can be used to test this property. Physical property: _________________________________ [1 point] Procedure:________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________[1 point] 10 Base your answers to question 11 on the information and cross section below and on your knowledge of science. Icebergs Floating pieces of glacial ice are called icebergs. Huge pieces of glacial ice near a coast may break off and fall into the ocean, as shown in the cross section below. Only about one-tenth of the total iceberg is visible above the surface of the water. 11. Explain why an iceberg floats in the ocean. [1 point] Base your answers to questions 12 through 13 on the cross section below and on your knowledge of science. The cross section shows the heat flow and movement of some material within Earth, causing sections of Earth’s crust (plates) to move. 12. How does the temperature of Earth’s crust compare to the temperature of Earth’s interior? [1 point] ______________________________________________________________ 11 13. Name two geologic features or events that might result from the movement of crustal plates. [2 points] (1)______________________________________________________________ (2)______________________________________________________________ Base your answers to questions 14 through 16 on the map below and on your knowledge of science. The map shows earthquake activity in and around the United States. Earthquake activity is indicated by dots. 14. State one reason that there are more earthquakes in the western section of the area shown on the map. [1 point] ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 15. According to the map, what is the latitude and longitude of the location at letter X ? [Your answer must include a value, unit, and direction for each.] [2 points] Latitude: ________________________________ Longitude: ________________________________ 16. List two actions that residents of the west coast might include in an earthquake emergency preparedness plan. [2 points] (1)______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ (2)______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Total Short Answer: _____________________/20 points Test Total ________________ / 40 points 12