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Reading Guide Chapter 13 name _____________________ DNA 1. DNA is a polymer called a _________________ __________. 2. Nucleic acids are made of smaller units called _______________. 3. A DNA nucleotide is made of _____________, ______________, _____________ and _________________. 4. DNA has four possible nitrogen bases: 5. DNA is made of two ________ of nucleotides joined by __________ bonds. 6. DNA has two twisted strands; therefore it is called a _______ __________. 7. All living things have DNA, what makes the differences in organisms? 8. _____________________ is when DNA makes a copy of itself. 9. Adenine always pairs with ______________________. 10. Cytosine pairs with ________________________. 11. DNA replication begins with an ____________________ breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases. 12. This causes the DNA molecule to ______________. 13. __________ nucleotides from the nucleus then ________ to the appropriate base to form a single strand. Another enzyme bonds the new nucleotides into a chain. 14. As a result, each strand formed is a __________________ of the original or parent strands. 15. You now have ___________ IDENTICAL DNA molecules. 16. Genetic makeup of an organism is passed from generation to ____________ by this process. From DNA to Protein 17. Proteins determine the ______________ and function of organisms. 18. Genes are made of __________________. 19. Human cells have 50, 000 to ________________ genes each made up of DNA. 20. The message of the DNA code is the information for building ____________. 21. The _____________ of nitrogen bases is the code for the making of proteins. This is known as the ______________ __________. 22. Each set of _____________ nitrogen bases represent an amino acid is known as a _________________. 23. The order of _____________ __________ in DNA will determine the type and order of amino acids in a protein. 24. 61 code for amino acids the other three code for signals to _____________ the synthesis of the polypeptide chain. 25. One codon = ___________ amino acid 26. The code is ______________________ because the codons represent the same amino acids in all organisms. Transcription 27. RNA is a _______________ __________. 28. RNA is different from DNA is three ways. a. RNA is a ________________ strand of nucleotides. b. The sugar in RNA is called ____________________. c. RNA does not have thymine is has _______________ instead. 29. RNA is responsible for moving the genetic information from the __________ in the nucleus to the ________________ in the cytoplasm. 30. Transcription is making a copy of ______________ from DNA. 31. Transcription is very similar to DNA ____________________. 32. Transcription contains the following steps: a. DNA _______________. b. Free _____________ nucleotides pair with complementary DNA, c. The new strand of RNA is called mRNA (____________ RNA). d. mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm. 33. If the DNA bases are AGC TAA CCG, what would the RNA strand be? 34. Messenger RNA carries the information to make a _______________ to the ribosome. 35. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) help to produce ________________ needed to bond amino acids together during protein syntheisis. Translation 36. Translation is the process in which the order of bases in __________ codes for the order of amino acids in proteins. 37. Translation occurs in the _________________. 38. The 20 different ___________ ________ that are in the cytoplasm must be taken to the ribosomes. 39. Taking the amino acids to the ribosome is the job of ___________. 40. Each mRNA codon will join with the __________________ of the proper tRNA molecule. 41. The end result is a large variety of ________________. 42. It is the ________________ of amino acids in a protein that determines the characteristics of that protein.