Download DNA

Reading Guide
Chapter 13
name _____________________
DNA
1. DNA is a polymer called a _________________ __________.
2. Nucleic acids are made of smaller units called _______________.
3. A DNA nucleotide is made of _____________, ______________,
_____________ and _________________.
4. DNA has four possible nitrogen bases:
5. DNA is made of two ________ of nucleotides joined by __________
bonds.
6. DNA has two twisted strands; therefore it is called a _______
__________.
7. All living things have DNA, what makes the differences in organisms?
8. _____________________ is when DNA makes a copy of itself.
9. Adenine always pairs with ______________________.
10. Cytosine pairs with ________________________.
11. DNA replication begins with an ____________________ breaking
the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases.
12. This causes the DNA molecule to ______________.
13. __________ nucleotides from the nucleus then ________ to the
appropriate base to form a single strand. Another enzyme bonds the
new nucleotides into a chain.
14. As a result, each strand formed is a __________________ of the
original or parent strands.
15. You now have ___________ IDENTICAL DNA molecules.
16. Genetic makeup of an organism is passed from generation to
____________ by this process.
From DNA to Protein
17. Proteins determine the ______________ and function of organisms.
18. Genes are made of __________________.
19. Human cells have 50, 000 to ________________ genes each made
up of DNA.
20. The message of the DNA code is the information for building
____________.
21. The _____________ of nitrogen bases is the code for the making of
proteins. This is known as the ______________ __________.
22. Each set of _____________ nitrogen bases represent an amino acid
is known as a _________________.
23. The order of _____________ __________ in DNA will determine
the type and order of amino acids in a protein.
24. 61 code for amino acids the other three code for signals to
_____________ the synthesis of the polypeptide chain.
25. One codon = ___________ amino acid
26. The code is ______________________ because the codons
represent the same amino acids in all organisms.
Transcription
27. RNA is a _______________ __________.
28. RNA is different from DNA is three ways.
a. RNA is a ________________ strand of nucleotides.
b. The sugar in RNA is called ____________________.
c. RNA does not have thymine is has _______________ instead.
29. RNA is responsible for moving the genetic information from the
__________ in the nucleus to the ________________ in the
cytoplasm.
30. Transcription is making a copy of ______________ from DNA.
31. Transcription is very similar to DNA ____________________.
32. Transcription contains the following steps:
a. DNA _______________.
b. Free _____________ nucleotides pair with complementary
DNA,
c. The new strand of RNA is called mRNA (____________ RNA).
d. mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm.
33. If the DNA bases are AGC TAA CCG, what would the RNA strand
be?
34. Messenger RNA carries the information to make a
_______________ to the ribosome.
35. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) help to produce ________________ needed
to bond amino acids together during protein syntheisis.
Translation
36. Translation is the process in which the order of bases in
__________ codes for the order of amino acids in proteins.
37. Translation occurs in the _________________.
38. The 20 different ___________ ________ that are in the
cytoplasm must be taken to the ribosomes.
39. Taking the amino acids to the ribosome is the job of ___________.
40. Each mRNA codon will join with the __________________ of the
proper tRNA molecule.
41. The end result is a large variety of ________________.
42. It is the ________________ of amino acids in a protein that
determines the characteristics of that protein.