Download wc1 6-1 to 6-3 Rome review sheet answers

Rome- Review for Test, 6.1 through 6.3 of the textbook plus handouts.
1. What two mountain ranges protected the City?
Appenines along the Interior, Alps along Northern area
2. On what river does Rome lie?
Tiber
3. How did Rome’s position in the Mediterranean benefit it?
4. Who were the mythological founders of Rome?
a. Romulus and Remus
5. How did cultural diffusion effect Rome’s religious practices?
a. Adopted Greek myths and gods. Though they gave the gods new names (except
for Apollo)
6. Polytheism means?
a. Multiple gods
7. Monotheism means?
a. One god
8. What were the names of the 3 groups that initially settled the area that became known?
a.
Etruscans
b.
Latins
c.
Greeks
9. After 509 BCE Rome had what type of government?
a. Republic
10. What were the two classes of groups in Rome
a. Plebeians
b. Patricians
11. Which group was the equivalent of the Aristocracy?
a. Patricians
12. Which group’s complaints later led to the establishment of the Twelve Tables?
a. Plebeians
13. What were the 12 tables?
a. A written set of laws that helped protect the plebeians from random and arbitrary
rules
14. Why were the 12 tables important to Rome
a. Clarified the law to all parties. Citizens better understood their rights and
obligations and could conform their conduct and judges had to base their decision
on specific rules as opposed to whom they may have wanted to side
15. Who was Cincinnatus and why is he important to Rome?
a. Farmer selected as dictator who after 15 days resolved the crisis. He was offered
the Kingship but he chose to return to his farm.
16. Did he possess Gravitas?
a. Gravitas is acting in a serious and somber way and doing so for duty, honor and
country. Cincinnatus was the epitome of Gravitas. He had a serious and modest
nature and put above self-interest the needs of Rome. He showed he had no
ambition when offered the kingship he rejected it to work his farm
17. How is Gravitas different that the Greek trait Arete?
a. Gravitas doesn’t seek acclaim but modesty. The character trait arête seeks fame,
honor and excellence. While gravitas incorporates hard work and honor the sole
goal of one with gravitas is to support their community rather than themselves.
18. How were women treated in Rome?
a. They never gained rights. Regardless of their age they never gained full freedom.
They were first under the power of their father (pater familias) and then under
their husbands.
19. What does the term pater familias or patria potestas mean?
a. Complete power of the eldest male member of the family. The dad had complete
power including to sell his children and in some cases execute them!
20. Rome’s Government had an Executive Branch and a Legislative Branch, who led the
Executive Branch?
a. Consuls- 2 consuls selected by and from Senate
b. Why did they have two? To ensure limited power, each consul could veto the
other
c. What is a veto? A rejection of a rule or policy.
d. How long were there terms? 1 yr terms, no more than once every 10 years
i. Why so short? To ensure that no one gained significant power
ii. How long did they have to wait before they could hold office again? 10
years!
21. The Legislative Branch was made up of the “aristocratic” branch which was the Senate
and the democratic branch which was the Assembly
22. Under what circumstances did the Romans have an office of Dictator?
a. Time of Crisis, the consuls could name a dictator
b. How long did one hold that office? Maximum of 6 months
c. What happened to anyone who tried to stay longer? This was considered
treasonous and an attempt to become King
23. One of the Romans first conquests was this area now known as France but then known as
Gaul
24. Roman soldiers were organized in groups of approximately 6000 called legions
a. They were then divided into groups of approximately 100 called Centuries
25. For the 1st 300 years of the Roman Republic their primary rival was this city in north
Africa Carthage
26. The wars they fought with this group were called the Punic Wars
a. At the end of the last war the Romans destroyed their rival’s city this occurred in
146 BCE (probably a myth that they salted the land)
b. The turning point in the 2nd Punic War was the Battle of Zama in North Africa
led by Scipio Africanus (202 BCE)
c. The famous general for the other side who crossed the Pyrenees and the Alps was
Hannibal
i. He got stuck in the Po Valley because? Lack of reinforcements and the
long and tall walls surrounding Rome
d. The Romans used citizen soldiers to fight, the rivals used mercenaries, which are?
Soldiers for hire
i. Some believe that mercenaries are less effective than citizen soldiers
because they lack loyalty to the State.
27. The Romans also defeated the Greeks, the early wins by the Greeks were called Pyrrhic
victories because the general name was Pyrrhus and though he initially won the
battle he eventually lost the war.
28. How did the Romans treat the areas they were allied with? They could become citizens
29. How did the Romans treat the areas they conquered? They maintained limited self-rule
30. How did their actions in q28 and q29 help Rome expand at a lower cost than might have
been the case?
a. Areas under Roman dominance had less resentment towards Rome since
they were relatively well-treated. Early on many were enslaved but the
communities would subsequently often gain some rights
31. What was the term for the new landless poor (free Romans) who moved to the City?
a. Proletariat
32. What caused their movement?
a. Homes destroyed by Hannibal during his many years devastating the areas south
of the Po River caused farmers to sell their land and move to the city. Wealthy
patricians bought the land and built large farms called Latifundias. Many wealthy
became less interested in the affairs of Rome.
33. How did their movement affect life in Rome?
a. Rome had a new class that were often unemployed. The city became increasingly
overpopulated and dangerous. Wealthy often stepped away from involvement in
helping Roman government.
34. What was a tribune?
a. Representative of the Plebeians
35. What were the goals of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
a. As Tribunes to provide reforms to advance the needs of the plebeians and
proletariat
36. What happened to them?
a. They were both murdered by persons acting on behalf of the Senate
37. How did the growth of the landless poor in Rome effect Roman society?
a. Increasingly dangerous. Riots were not uncommon. Wooden buildings also were
often susceptible to fire.
38. These people fought in the arenas (it’s also the name of a movie)?
a. Gladiators
39. He led a slave rebellion (it’s also the name of a movie)?
a. Spartacus (73-71 BCE)
40. What happened to the slaves that rebelled?
a. They were defeated, despite placing Rome in considerable danger. Subsequently
4000 of them were publicly crucified.
41. How did that slave rebellion have long term effect on Roman society?
a. Much more control over slaves
42. These two military leaders came to the forefront in approximately 100 BC
a. Marius and Sulla
43. How did the leaders “change the rules” of Rome?
a. Marius allowed the proletariat (landless) to join the military. With long periods of
service (16 years) and the spoils of war, the soldiers often felt more of an
allegiance to their leader rather than the State. The terms for consulship and
dictator were also violated.
44. Which rules did they break? (be specific)
a. Consulship (5x in a row)
b. Dictatorship (longer than 6 months)
c. Also changed the rule on who could serve in the military- no longer based on land
ownership
45. Who were the members of the 1st Triumvirate?
a. Pompey, Crassus and Caesar
46. Prior to becoming “dictator” what positions did Julius Caesar hold in the Roman
Government?
a. He had earlier been governor of a province, then consul (1 year) and a member of
the triumvirate. After returning from Gaul and the civil war with Pompey Caesar
was elected by the Senate Dictator for ten years and finally dictator for life
47. Where did Julius Caesar have his greatest military successes?
a. Gaul
48. What does the term “crossing the Rubicon” mean to us today?
a. A decision one can’t go back on. Caesar was ordered to not cross the Rubicon
river and was warned that if he did it would be considered treason.
49. What did it mean to Julius Caesar?
a. Civil War
50. How did Julius Caesar become Dictator?
a. He was elected by the Senate. Caesar expanded the Senate to 900 members
(originally 100) . The new Senators were beholden to Julius Caesar
51. Why did other Senators want to “get rid” of Caesar?
a. They felt the decision of the Senate (controlled by Julius Caesar) to name him
dictator for life was a treason (attempting to become King)
52. Who were the main plotters of Caesar’s execution?
a. Brutus and Cassius
53. What was their justification for killing Caesar?
a. Julius Caesar was trying to become King
54. What happened to the people who plotted to and killed Caesar?
a. They ultimately committed suicide rather than being killed.
55. What was the 2nd Triumvirate?
a. Post Julius Caesar, his adopted son (and grandnephew) Octavian formed a group
with Lepidus and Marc Antony
56. Who ultimately gained power from the 2nd Triumvirate.
a. Octavian. At the Battle of Actium (31 BCE), Octavian defeated Marc Antony.
Lepidus had already been defeated and Marc Antony with his lover, Cleopatra
will kill themselves.