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1 Name: _____________________________________ Period: _______ Date: _________________ Chapter 4 Biodiversity and Evolution Directions: Answer the following questions as you read Chapter 4, pages 80-101. 1. What are some of the reasons that account for some many shark deaths? ______________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why are many species of sharks classified as threatened with extinction? _______________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Why are sharks considered to be keystone species? ________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What is biodiversity? _________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What is a species? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Why are insects often referred to as pests? _______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Insects are referred to as natural capital. What are two services that insects provide as this natural capital? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. What is functional diversity? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 9. What are 4 ecosystem services that “biodiversity” provides? _________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 10. What percent of life on earth is represented by the fossil record? _____________________________________ 11. What is biological evolution? __________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 12. Who wrote, On the Origin of Species? What idea was proposed by this book? ___________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 13. According to the theory of evolution by natural selection, which organisms tend to survive during environmental stress? ________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 14. What causes biological evolution through natural selection? _________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 15. What is genetic variability? Where does it come from? _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 16. What is natural selection? _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 2 17. Who wrote, On the Origin of Species? What idea was proposed by this book? ___________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 18. What is differential reproduction? ______________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 19. What is genetic resistance? Give 2 examples of genetic resistance. ____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 20. Describe two important effects that plate tectonics have on the evolution and distribution of species? _______ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 21. How has climate change affected natural selection? ________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 22. What is speciation? __________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 23. Describe two types of isolation that can lead to speciation. a. geographic: _____________________________________________________________________________ b. reproductive: ___________________________________________________________________________ 24. What is extinction? __________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 25. Describe endemic species. What makes them so vulnerable to extinction? _____________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 26. What is the difference between background extinction and mass extinction? a. background: ____________________________________________________________________________ b. mass: __________________________________________________________________________________ 27. What is species diversity? Why is it important to ecosystems? _______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 28. Why does species diversity and species richness decrease as you move from the equator to the poles? _______ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 29. Which biomes, land and aquatic, have the greatest species richness? __________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 30. What is an ecological niche? ___________________________________________________________________ 31. What is the difference between a generalist species and a specialist species? Give 2 examples of each. a. generalist: ______________________________________________________________________________ EX: ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3 b. specialist: ______________________________________________________________________________ EX: ____________________________________________________________________________________ 32. Which type of species is more likely to become endangered, generalist or specialist? Explain. ______________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 33. What is the difference between native and non-native species? a. native: __________________________________________________________________________ b. non-native: _____________________________________________________________________________ 34. Are all non-native species threatening? Explain. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 35. Explain how non-native species can become pests. _________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 36. What are indicator species? Give 2 examples. _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 37. Describe the decline of amphibian populations throughout the world. _________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 38. Why are frogs so vulnerable to environmental distress? _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 39. Give three reasons to be concerned about declining numbers of amphibian species. ______________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 40. What are keystone species? What is their role in ecosystems? Give two examples of keystone species. __ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 41. What characteristics make the American alligator a keystone species? What drove it to near extinction? _____ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 42. What are foundation species? Give three examples of foundation species and how they serve as foundation species for their ecosystems. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 4 43. Species such as the dusky seaside sparrow, the passenger pigeon, and the woolly mammoth are extinct. Populations of many other species have declined to the point to whether they are designated as either threatened or endangered. a. Identify and describe at least three characteristics of organisms that would make them particularly vulnerable to extinction. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ b. Provide three arguments in favor of maintaining biodiversity. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________
