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PHYSICAL SCIENCE EOCT Final Study Guide PHYSICS VI. MOTION and FORCE: Ch. 2/3 1.) What is the difference between speed and velocity? Velocity shows direction 2.) What is the acceleration at: a. constant speed: ___0_______ m/s b. gravity: ______9.8____ m/s 3.) What is the speed of aardvark that runs 10 meters every hour (convert hour to seconds!)? 10/3600=.003 m/s2 4.) What is the acceleration of a car that goes from 0 to 60 m/s in 30 seconds? (remember units) 2m/s2 5.) Define Net Force: total amount of force exerted on an object. 6.) If the Net Force is 0, the objects have ___balanced_________ forces, which do not move. 7.) What’s the difference b/t friction and air resistance? Friction is opposition of an object by another object. Air resistance is opposition of an object by air particles. Law 1st 2nd 3rd 8.) Newton’s Laws: Explanation Objects in motion stay in motion=inertia F=ma Action/reaction Example seatbelt Pushing a kid on a swing Rocket launching VII. WORK and ENERGY CONCEPT Work Power Mechanical 1.) Fill in Table: EXPLANATION Amount of force in a given direction Work in a certain amount of time How much or how many times Ch. 4/5 UNITS Joules EQUATION W=fd Watts w/t No unit Depends on the Advantage Potential Energy Kinetic Energy a machine makes work easier Energy of position Energy of motion Joules Joules 4.) Simple Machines LEVERS and INCLINED PLANES SIMPLE MACHINE Explanation Levers 1st Class: fulcrum in the middle 2nd Class: output in middle 3rd Class: input force in middle Pulleys Multiple or movable pulleys increase the mechanical advantage. EVERYONE KNOWS THAT! :D Wheel and axle Large wheel rotating on a smaller axel Inclined Planes Multiply and redirect the force machine mhg 1/2 mv2 Examples 1st: seesaw 2nd: wheelbarrow 3rd: Ax, Golf club Block and tackle Steering wheel ramp Wedge Multiply and redirect force axe Screw Inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder Light bulb 5.) The sum of kinetic and potential energy is the ___mechanical______ energy. 6.) The source of all energy comes from the___sun_________. 7.) Law of Conservation of Energy states: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed. VIII. Heat Ch. 6 1.) What is Absolute 0: the point where all particles stop moving 0k 2.) Fill in the Energy Transfer table: Energy Transfer Explanation Example Conduction Transfer of energy by touching Lizard on a heat rock Convection Transfer of energy by the Boiling water, mantle movement of fluids (air) (currents) of earth Radiation Transfer of energy by Standing around a electromagnetic waves fire, heater 3.) Define Specific Heat: amount of heat energy required to raise 1kg of a substance 1 °C 4.) What substance has a high specific heat: __insulators____________ 5.) If something is a good conductor then the specific heat is __low______. ****Explanation---Conductors heat up fast, so they don’t take much heat to raise their temperature. This makes their specific heat lower than an insulator that takes a lot more heat!!! 6.) Label the parts of the equation: Energy=cm(change of t) Energy=specific heat (mass)(Change in temp) IX. Waves Ch. 10/11/12/13/14 Type of Wave Electromagnetic Wave Longitudinal Transverse Definition From Long to Short R, M, I, V, UV, X, G Moves in direction of particle—slinky Moves perpendicular to partical--Water DRAW 1.) What types of waves do NOT require a medium:____electromagnetic_______ 2.) What type of waves DO require a medium:_mechanical_________ 3.) Label the following Transverse Waves: (Insert center line) Amplitude/Crest/Trough/Wavelength 4.) Define AND give an example: a. Reflection: When a wave hits a barrier and bounces off---Mirror b. Refraction: When a wave hits a new medium at an angle and bends--Pencil in water, rainbow c. Diffraction: When a wave bends around a barrier---window blinds, hearing a sound around a doorway d. Constructive Interference: When a wave interacts with another wave, causing the amplitude to increase---Adding another speaker to make the sound louder. 5.) Compare frequency and pitch? Frequency is the number of waves that pass a given point in a given amount of time…pitch is the high or low of the sound as caused by frequency---high frequency=high pitch 6.) Explain the properties of Sound: a. infrasound: sounds below normal human hearing---20 hz b. ultraasound: sounds above normal human hearing---20000 hz 7.) Explain the properties of Light : -particle using photons and waves --travels with no medium --amplitude=brightness 8.) Understand: X. Electricity/Magnetism Ch. 7/8 1.) What type of circuit is this: parallel 2.) What type of cell is a car battery? __wet______________ 3. What determines the brightness of a light bulb’s filament: energy running through the bulb 4. What is the unit for the following: a.Resistance _Ohms____________ b. Potential Difference __Volts___________ c. Current __Amps___________ d. Power _Watts____________ 5. What is Ohm’s Law? V=IR It explains the relationship between current, resistance, and voltage. 6. What are two ways to transfer electrons to create a charge: Touch, friction, induction 7. Put the following in order from least resistance to most resistance. Conductors, insulators, superconductors, and semiconductors. Super conductor, conductor, semiconductor, insulator 8. Lights connected in a single pathway are considered a _____series_____ circuit. 9. Draw a schematic drawing of a simple circuit: 10. What is the difference b/t AC and DC? AC alternates and DC doesn’t 11. If a 250 W heater has a current of 5.00 A, what is the resistance of the heating element?_____10 Ohms_______________ Convert watts to volts using P=VI so 250W=50 Volts Then use V=IR to solve for R. 12. Draw an iron nail, showing the random magnetic domains: (Figure 7 Ch. 8) 13. Draw an iron nail, showing the aligned magnetic domains with: (Figure 7 Ch. 8) See Abov 13. What is an electromagnet? A magnet produced by an electric current running through a coil of wire 14. Draw a bar magnet and label the field lines? 15. What are the differences b/t a motor and a generator? An electric motor converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. A generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. 16. What are the differences b/t a step up and a step down transformer? Step up transformers increase voltage as electricity leaves the power plant, step down transformers decrease the voltage as it leaves your house