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Solomon chapter 20 Speciation and Macroevolution
1. Although more than 99% of all species that ever existed are extinct, there are still an
estimated _________ (#?) living species today.
1. The 18th century biologist, ______________________ , is generally considered the
founder of modern taxonomy. His system for separating plants into different species
based on their morphological characteristics formed the basis for modern systematics.
3. Although still very important in describing species, morphological features alone are
not enough to delineate species. Biologists now define a species as a group of
(a) __________________________ isolated organisms with a common
(b) __________________________
4. Prezygotic isolating mechanisms prevent _____________________________
5. Prezygotic isolating mechanisms include (a) __________________________ which
occurs because two groups reproduce at different times; (b) ____________________,
involving different, incompatible courtship patterns; (c) _______________________ ,
is due to anatomic differences that thwart successful matings; and
(c) __________________________ , in which chemical differences between gametes
prevents interspecific fertilization
6. Embryos are aborted due to _____________________________________
7. ___________________________________________ occurs when the gametes
produced by interpecific hybrids are abnormal and nonfunctional
8. _______________________ is a sperm protein in abalone that attaches to a lysine
receptor protein located on the egg envelope, producing a hole in the egg envelope
that permits the sperm to penetrate the egg.
9. ________________________________ is the evolution of a new species.
10. Allopatric speciation occurs when one population becomes ____________________
________________________ from the rest of the species and subsequently evolves.
11. Sympatric speciation usually occurs within a geographical region as a result of
__________________________________
12. (a) ________________________ is the possession of more than two sets of
chromosomes, a common phenomenon in plants. When it results from the pairing of
chromosomes from a different species, it is known as (b)________________________
13. The ______________________________ is an area of overlap in which populations,
subspecies, or species come into contact and can interbreed.
14. According to proponents of the theory of _______________________________ ,
evolution proceeds in spurts; that is, short periods of active evolution are followed by
long periods of inactivity or stasis.
15. According to proponents of the theory of _______________________________ ,
populations slowly and steadily diverge from one another by the accumulation of
adaptive characteristics within a population.
16. Evolutionary “novelties” originate from mutations that alter developmental pathways.
For example, (a) _________________________________________ occurs when
Developing body parts grow at different rates, and (b) _________________________
Results from differences in the timing of development.
17. (a) _______________________________________ are new ecological roles made
possible by an adaptive advancement. When an organism with a newly acquired
evolutionary advancement assumes a new ecological role made possible by its
advancement9s), its diversification is known as (b) ___________________________
18. Extinction that is continuous, ongoing, and relatively low frequency is called
______________________________
19. ____________________________ extinction is relatively rapid and widespread loss
of numerous species.
20. Biologists hypothesize that (a) ____________________________ processes explain
(b) _____________________________ patterns
Prefixes
AlloMacroPoly-
The Meaning
other
large, long, great, excessive
much, many
Prefix
Suffix
__________ -ploidy
__________ -patric
__________ -polyploidy
__________ -evolution
__________ -metric
Definition
1. The presence of multiples of complete chromosome sets
2. Originating in or occupying different (other)
geographical areas.
3. Polyploidy following the joining of chromosomes from
two different species (half of the chromosomes come
from one parent and half from the other parent)
4. Large-scale evolutionary change
5. Varied rates of growth for different parts of the body
during development (some parts grow at rates different
from other parts)
Matching
a. adaptive radiation
b. behavioral isolation
c. extinction
d. gametic isolation
e. gradualism
f. hybrid breakdown
g. hybrid inviability
h. hybrid sterility
i. hybridization
j. mechanical isolation
k. punctuated equilibrium
l. reproductive isolation
m. speciation
n. sympatric speciation
___ 1. A postzygotic isolating mechanism in which the embryonic development of an
interpecific hybrid is aborted.
___ 2. The concept that evolution proceeds with periods of inactivity followed by very
active phases, so that major adaptations or clusters of adaptations appear suddenly
in the fossil record
___ 3. The evolution of a new species within the same geographical region as the parent
species.
___ 4. The evolution of several to many related species from one or a few ancestral
species in a relatively short period of time.
___ 5. A prezygotic isolating mechanism in which sexual reproduction between two
individuals cannot occur because of chemical differences between the gametes of
the two species.
___ 6. A model of evolution in which the evolutionary change of a species is due to a
slow, steady transformation over time.
___ 7. Sexual reproduction between individuals from closely related species
___ 8. Evolution of a new species
___ 9. An isolating mechanism in which gamete exchange between two groups is
prevented because each group possesses its own characteristic courtship behavior
___10. The end of a lineage, occurring when the last individual of a species dies
Reproductive isolating
mechanism
Behavioral isolation
#1
Gametic isolation
#3
Mechanical isolation
#5
#6
How it works
Similar species have distinctive courtship
behaviors
Prevents the offspring of hybrids that are able to
reproduce successfully from reproducing past one
or a few generations
#2
Interspecific hybrid survives to adulthood but is
unable to reproduce successfully
#4
Interspecific hybrid dies at early stage of
embryonic development
Similar species reproduce at different times
___ 1. When large-scale phenotypic changes in populations justify placing them in
taxonomic groups at the species level or higher it is known as
a. macroevolution
b. paedomorphois
c. polymorphic speciation
d. macromorphism e. adaptive radiation
___ 2. The process by which an ancestral species evolves into many new species is
known as
a. macroevolution
b. paedomorphois
c. polymorphic speciation
d. macromorphism e. adaptive radiation
___ 3. A species typically has
a. a common gene pool
b. an isolated gene pool
c. the capacity to
reproduce with other species in the laboratory
d. members with different
morphological characteristics
e. become reproductively isolated
___ 4. The fact that dogs come in many sizes, shapes, and colors supports the contention
that
a. dogs have one gene pool b. dogs can produce hybrids
c. physical
appearance alone is not enough to define a species
d. reproduction within a
species produces sterile offspring
e. all dogs belong to one species
___ 5. A population that evolves within the same geographical region as its parents
species is an example of
a. cladogenesis
b. character displacement
c. anagenesis
d. sympatric speciation
e. allopatric speciation
___ 6. If two closely related species produce a fertile interspecific hybrid, the hybrid is
the result of
a. anagenesis b. phyletic evolution
c. cladogenesis
d. diversifying evolution
e. allopolyploidy
___7. If two distinct populations of organisms occasionally interbreed in the wild, they
are considered to be
a. separate species
b. one species
c. reproductively isolated
d. one gene pool
e. evolving
___ 8. If flower-loving female botany majors were required to smell a flower before
male botany majors would mate with them, and if male zoology majors would
only mate with females that die not sniff flowers, zoology majors and botany
majors would likely become
a. separate species
b. one species
c. reproductively isolated
d. one gene pool
e. behaviorally isolated
___ 9. Evolution of organisms occurs by means of
a. changes in individual organisms
b. uniformitarianism
c. changes in gene
frequencies in the gene pool
d. extinctions
e. changes in populations
___10.A population that evolves as the result of its geographic separation from the rest of
the species is an example of
a. cladogenesis
b. character displacement
c. anagenesis
d. sympatric speciation
e. allopatric speciation
___ 11. If college-educated persons mated only at night and noncollege-educated persons
mated only at the lunch hour, and no amount of laboratory experimentation could
change these habits, these two populations would be considered
a. separate species
b. one species
c. reproductively isolated
d. members of one gene pool
e. temporally isolated
___ 12. Hybrid breakdown affects the
a. P1 generation
b. F1 generation
c. F2 generation
d. F3 generation
e. course of evolution
___ 13. The death of interspecific embryos during development is
a. called hybrid sterility
b. one type of postzygotic barrier c. a form of
anagenesis
d. called hybrid inviability
e. allopatric dissociation