* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download 6th Grade Review - Rochester Community Schools
Modern Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Udmurt grammar wikipedia , lookup
Kannada grammar wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Macedonian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Norse morphology wikipedia , lookup
Lexical semantics wikipedia , lookup
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ojibwe grammar wikipedia , lookup
Georgian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Hungarian verbs wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Russian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Turkish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Polish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Japanese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Icelandic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Hart Middle School 6th Grade Review 2007-2008 Literary Terms Plot line Exposition – beginning that explains characters /setting Initial conflict - action that starts problems Rising Action – where all the action takes place Climax – highest point / turning point Falling Action – after climax, contains action to lead to end Resolution – conclusion of story Protagonist – main character of story Antagonist – character or situation that creates conflicts for protagonist Conflict - problems in the story Types of conflict 1. person vs. person: external 2. person vs. self: internal 3. person vs. nature: external 4. person vs. fate 5. person vs. society Setting -time and place of story Point of View: who is telling the story 1st told from point of view of character –uses “I” and “me” 3rd told from outsiders view – uses They, she, he, names ** Exclude dialogue when determining point of view Theme - message of the story Author’s purpose – Why is the author telling the story? *persuade, inform, or entertain … Mood – the feeling a reader gets from reading story Literary Elements Alliteration: the repeating of beginning consonant sounds as in “creamy and crunchy.” Simile: compares two different things using either like or as. He was as cold as ice. Metaphor: compares two different things without using a word of comparison such as like or as. The substitute teacher is a military commander. Onomatopoeia: the use of a word whose sound makes you think of its meaning. buzz, swish, zip, boom Personification: when an idea, object, or animal is given the characteristics of a person. The rock stubbornly refused to move. Oxymoron: two contradictory words come together for a special effect. “jumbo shrimp” + Homophone: is a word that is pronounced the same as another word but differs in meaning. Hyperbole: an exaggeration or overstatement used for emphasis: My dad had a cow when he saw my grades! Genres Narrative Fiction Action / Adventure Action sequences are more important than character development or storytelling Narrative in which the main character engages in a difficult, risky, or unexpected venture in an exotic setting culminating in a hazardous chase, a decisive struggle, or a suspenseful or dangerous experience To identify with characters in adverse situations Characters experience conflict when trying to overcome obstacles Deals with life's big ideas, lessons, and themes Action and excitement lead to climax Events focus around out-of-doors Utilizes extremes (e.g. natural disasters) Strong plot includes reactions to crisis which leads to the climax and resolution Tension between forces in the characters life Setting Space where action takes place Essential to the story, mood, and revealing the character Any time period Fantasy Fiction contains unrealistic or unworldly elements and magical adventure. Fantasy - magic, secondary worlds, good versus evil, heroism, special character types, fantastic objects. Purpose To transport the reader into an imaginary world To entertain and provide enjoyment To teach a life lesson Characteristics Highly imaginative narrative text Involves imaginary characters in places, events, and problems that seem real Overlaps with science fiction and adventure Magic plays a key role Often realistic main characters experience fantastic places, events, time periods, and problems Characters Setting Folktale Fictionalized Magical/Supernatural powers Represent stereotypes of good/evil or extraterrestrial qualities Animals talk, feel, and act like people (anthropomorphism) Physical or character transformation Preposterous characters have some realistic characteristics but could not be real Opening language sets the stage - Such as "Onc upon a time" Imaginary, "enchanted" or other-worldy Often characterized in terms of possible future worlds Set in past, present, or future Definition Ancient stories for all age groups that have been passed down orally. Types of Folktales Fables, myths, legends, tall tales, and fairy tales Purposes To tell an entertaining story To reveal human nature To kindle imagination To understand universal qualities of humankind (how humans are alike) To convey morals and values To instill cultural beliefs, values, and practices Characteristics Short, predictable narratives Express deep, universal emotions such as joy, grief, fear, jealousy, and awe Intrigue developed through repetition of phrases Repetitive language and events occur with additional or changed details Identical themes found in tales across cultures Multiple forms: fables, folktales, fairytales, tall tales Ballads, myths, legends Themes Good triumphs over Evil - Good :industrious, kind, patient, clever over - Evil: selfish, greedy, lazy "Justice" theme Values of humility, kindness, patience, sympathy, hard work, and courage are rewarded Wishes come true after tests or struggles Motifs Wishes, magical powers, magical objects, magical numbers, trickery Characters Underdeveloped Magical characters and events Underdog triumphs Main character changes at conclusion Tricksters make up for physical weakness through cleverness or stupidity Stereotypical: entirely good, evil, lay May be physically attractive with unattractive traits and vice versa Incorporates daily speech Setting Patterned beginnings and endings Setting in the distant past Setting may be make-believe Often emphasizes a culture or country Plot Problem "tests" the main character May include irony (the youngest is successful, the trickster is tricked) Characters try to outwit one another Problem-Solution Pattern "Quick" magical transformation at resolution point Satisfying, definite conclusion Linear plot structure Author's Craft Short or split into episodes Patterned beginnings Replication of simple sentence structure and concrete expressions Predictable ending Brisk, action-filled beginnings Humor Rhyme Using repetitions based on magical numbers: characters/chants/verses/main episodes, attempts to solve problems Effective dialogue - expresses joy, fear, grief, awe High action through narrative Instructive tone Informational Non-fiction Personal Essay – to connect personal knowledge, experiences, and understanding of the world to themes A first person, non-fiction story that tells a personal experience. Persuasive Essay – take a position on a statement Organizes and presents evidence to support position Present a strong conclusion to guide the reader to agree or to take action How-to Article – Provides directions Provides explanations on how to do something Provides help on how to operate or implement something Comparative Essay To compare and contrast – two texts, historical figures, scientific procedures To see similarities and differences To make a judgment or choice Research Report – a written document describing and summarizing the findings of an individual or group. To record the research, decisions or event To inform or persuade an audience with factual material Text Structures Compare – Contrast – points out the likenesses and/or differences between two or more subjects Sequential (Informational) – presents a series of events that take place in a time order. The author traces the sequence or the steps in the process. Cause and Effect – One event causes another event to happen. The effect tells what happened. The cause tells why it happened. Look for signal words, such as because, since, until, unless, and after Descriptive - Paints a picture of a person, place, thing, or idea in fiction. Informational – provides information, such as facts, characteristics, and attributes about a subject, event, person, or concept. This is the most common pattern found in textbooks. Problem – Solution – describes a problem and presents one or more solutions to the problem SUMMARY S Somebody W Wants B But S So Grammar Subject - who or what of the sentence—noun or pronoun Predicate - what the subject does – the action Subject and Predicate Song Sung to the tune of "A Tisket, a Tasket, a Green and Yellow Basket" A subject, a predicateThese are quite important! Combine the two, and you will see That you have formed a sentence. The subject, the subject Is a noun or a pronoun. Who or what it usually tells, And that is how you'll find it. The predicate, the predicate It tells about the subject, What it is or what it does, A verb and all its helpers. The subject, the predicate Together form a sentence. Write them both then punctuate VOILA! You have a sentence. Nouns – person, place, thing, idea or quality Verbs – action words or the “be” verbs (helping verbs) List 23 helping Verbs is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been has, have, had, do, does, did, shall, will, should, would, may, might, must, can, could Transitive verbs – needs a direct object adj – subj- verb- adj- direct object The player caught the ball. Intransitive verbs – does not use a direct object adj – subj- verb The girl danced. Dead Verbs – is, am, are, has, have, had, was, were, be, being, been, any verb ending with – ing, got Pronouns – take the place of nouns – I, me, he, she, her, his, mine, yours, you, …….. Adjectives – modify nouns or pronouns Answer questions – which one?, what kind?, how many?, whose? Adverbs – modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs (ly) Answer questions – how?, when?, where?, how much? Prepositions - Show position, prepositional phrase start with a preposition and end with the object of the preposition. Preposition Song To the tune of "Yankee Doodle' --About, above, across, against, among, around, at, after, Before, behind, beside, between, beyond, by, down, in, during. Into, for, from, out, inside, Near, of, off, to, over Past, throughout, through, toward, on, up, Without, until, with, under Along, below, beneath, upon, Outside, like, ---Prepositions Conjunctions Coordinating: fanboys: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Subordinating Subordinating Conjunctions A after, although, as W when, whenever, where, wherever, while H how I if T than E even though, even if B because, before U unless, until S since, so that Interjections – show emotions—YIKES! Clauses- have a subject and a predicate Independent- can stand alone Dependent- can’t stand alone. Compound Sentences – two independent clauses joined by a comma and a coordinating “Fanboys” conjunction. Complex Sentence- Dependent and Independent clause Adverbial Subordinate Clauses- subordinate clause with a WHITE BUS conjunction – if in front of the sentence, add a comma after it, but if in the back, there is no comma. Adjective Clauses- contains the pronoun who, whose, whom, which, that, AND, functions as an adjective by answering: what kind? how many? which one? Comparative Compares two things uses – er or more Superlative forms compares three or more uses – est or most COMMA Rules Use Commas: After introductory elements With interrupting elements With ending elements In a series In compound sentences In addresses and dates With coordinate adjectives With most appositives With Jr., Sr., and titles After the salutation of a friendly letter and after the closing or either a friendly letter or a business letter With nouns of direct address With parenthetical expressions (by the way, I believe, however, etc.) man sta ped pre vis/vid post mis/mit bi Prefix Roots pre/post bi sta man ped vis/vid mis/mit ology meter Suffix meter ology Writing from Knowledge and Experience R Role of the Writer A Audience - What are they looking for in the story? F Form – What should the final product look like? T Topic – Did I narrow the theme to one small topic? P Put the theme first A Add a catchy lead D Details, details, details D Dialogue L Lose the dead verbs E End by tying the theme to the story Peer Response 6 Trait Writing Ideas Organization Clear, focused main idea strong, compelling read Voice Intriguing, important details Pattern right for topic and purpose No filter Easy to follow transitions Write for audience and purpose Conclusion provides closure Full of energy, life, enthusiasm for topic Individual striking conflict read aloud No generalities Puts the reader at the scene Word Choice Sentence Fluency Conventions Clear, precise smooth expression clean copy, easy to read. Words enhance meaning fun to read aloud edited top to bottom scenery details as needed varied sentence lengths error free, or close strong verbs varied sentence beginnings ready to publish concise and clutter free realistic, readable dialogue Reading Strategies T H I E V E S TITLE HEADINGS INTRODUCTION EVERY FIRST SENTENCE VISUALS AND VOCABULARY ENDING QUESTIONS SUMMARY Read everything TWICE! Read everything TWICE! Read Question stems. Highlight key words in questions. Find answer in text and circle answer. Eliminate answers. Write answer in margin also. When using a scantron, bubble accurately. Check your work. Context Clues Writers suggest the meaning of the words that may be unfamiliar through words or hints that surround the words. Inferences Making an assumption based on subtle verbal and nonverbal clues Judging or concluding that something is true Analyzing facts and coming to a logical outcome based on the evidence Realizing, “Oh, now I get it!” Main Idea The main idea of a paragraph tells what the paragraph is about. All the other sentences are details that add to the main idea. And the best review of 6th grade … COSI The best teachers ever The “Hannah Montana” concert Rotaries Meeting new friends Learning with the greatest teachers ever HAP Learning Lockers Author in April – Christopher Paul Curtis Good times PI Day Human Sundaes