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BIOLOGY NOTES EVOLUTION PART 4 PAGES 517-535 NAME: DAY / MOD: DATE: Standards: ____ Describe how and why organisms are hierarchically classified and classified based on evolutionary relationships ____ Discuss the use of molecular clocks to estimate how long ago various groups of organisms diverged evolutionarily from one another ____ Discuss distinguishing characteristics of the domains and kingdoms of living organisms ____ Explain the reason for changes in how organisms are classified Essential Question: 1. I. Classification Taxonomy = the science of ________________ and classifying organisms Carolus Linnaeus is the first to propose a universal _______________ and develops a hierarchical system of classification based on binomial ____________________ binomial nomenclature = two word naming system in which each _______________ is given a two word scientific name known as the _______________ and __________________ e.g. The Linnaeus system of classification still used today includes: ___________________, phylum, ______________, order, _____________, genus, and __________________ e.g. Modern taxonomy now classifies organisms based on their _______________ characteristics as well as their ______________________ relationships phylogeny = the _________________ history for a group of __________________ cladogram = a diagram that shows the common ________________ and derived _______________________among a group of organisms derived characters = traits that can be used to understand _________________ relationships because they are shared among some ___________ but not others Phylogeny has recently been highly supported using research in ____________ sequencing e.g. molecular clock = a model scientists use to compare mutation rates in ________ sequences in order to ________________ the time two species have evolved independently of each other A. Current Classification Systems Over time, and with more __________________ there have been several “upgrades” to the taxonomic system Modern taxonomists group living organisms within ____ Kingdoms: 1. Bacteria – prokaryotic, unicellular _______________ or heterotrophs that have cells walls with ____________________ e.g. Range, A. Unit 5 Page 2D 2. Archae – prokaryotic, unicellular ________________ or heterotrophs that do not have cell walls with _______________________ e.g. 3. Protista – mostly unicellular; all _________________; autotrophs and __________________ e.g. 4. Fungi – multicellular, eukaryotic ___________________ with cell walls made of ________________ ; _________________ that absorb nutrients e.g. 5. Plantae – autotrophic, multicellular ______________________ e.g. 6. Animalia – heterotrophic, multicellular ___________________ e.g. In the last decade, advancements with ______ sequencing and through the use of __________________ clocks, scientists have added a _______________ group to the taxonomic classification which is _______________ than a kingdom 1. Domain Eukarya – _____________________ 2. Domain Bacteria – unicellular and ___________________; cell walls with peptidoglycan 3. Domain Archae - unicellular, prokaryotic, and must have lack of ___________________; cell walls without peptidoglycan STUDENT SYNTHESIS To demonstrate knowledge of the information contained within these notes, within the space below EITHER 1. Create two higher level test questions and answers based on the information OR 2. Write a comprehensive summary of the information Range, A. Unit 5 Page 2D