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Cell Processes Chapter 4 Study Guide 1. Photosynthesis Equation Sunlight/light energy Carbon dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen See page 94. Study your graphic organizer on photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Know the raw materials and end products. 2. Cellular Respiration Equation Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy See page 95. Study your graphic organizer on photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Know the raw materials and end products. 3. Connection between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. 4. Fermentation Page 96. Know the connection between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. 5. Osmosis -Important to cells because cells are filled with fluids that are made mostly of water. -The diffusion of water into or out of a cell. -Keeps vegetables fresh in the grocery store because water is sprinkled on them. -Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration. -Allows materials to move in and out of cells. -Movement of materials through the cell membrane without the use of energy. -Molecules move from area of high concentration to low concentration. -Examples are diffusion and osmosis. -Moving materials through a cell membrane using energy. 6. Diffusion 7.Passive transport 8. Active transport 9. Endocytosis 10. Exocytosis -In muscle cells produces lactic acid which makes muscles sore. -The breakdown of food/glucose without the use of oxygen. -The process by which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell. -On the test you will have to answer questions about the diagram of endocytosis on page 92. -The process in which a cell releases a particle by enclosing the particle in a vesicle that then moves to the cell surface and the particle is released. - On the test you will have to answer questions about the diagram of exocytosis on page 93. 11. binary fission 12. Cell Cycle for Eukaryotic Cells - Cell division in bacteria where a cell splits into two cells which are identical to the parent cell. - Cells need to produce new cells in order to replace cells that have died. -Organelles and chromosomes are copied during the first stage of the eukaryotic cell cycle. -During cytokinesis in plant cells a cell plate forms and the cell splits in two. -***** 13. Be able to recognize the stages and know their definitions. Match each definition to the stage. a. b. c. d. cytokinesis mitosis interphase Mitosis Phase 4 e. f. g. h. Mitosis Phase 3 the cell cycle Mitosis Phase 2 Mitosis Phase 1 1. ____ the name of this process…this is what we call the 3 stages 2. ____stage at which chromosomes are copied 3. ____has four phases and the job of this process is to form the two new nuclei 4. ____stage at which paired chromosomes align at the cell’s equator 5. ____the division of cytoplasm 6. ____stage at which the chromatids separate and move to opposite sides of the cells 7. ____chromosomes condense from long strands into rodlike structures to begin mitosis 8. ____a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes, and the chromosomes unwind to complete mitosis. Sample essay questions. 1. Explain why many green plants could survive in a world without mammals, but mammals could not survive in a world without green plants. Green plants are able to make their own food (glucose) and then use cellular respiration to obtain energy from that food. They take in carbon dioxide and water to make the glucose and the waste product, oxygen. In order to use the food for energy, green plants use oxygen. Mammals, on the other hand, cannot make their own food. They rely on other animals, who eat plants, or on the plants themselves for food. Also, in order to breathe, animals need the oxygen that green plants provide. 2. Pioneers in North America did not have refrigeration, so they preserved fresh meat by packing it in salt. Explain what happens to meat when it is packed in salt. When meat is packed in salt, osmosis takes place. Meat cells have a higher concentration of water molecules than the surrounding salt does. The water molecules move out of the meat cells and into the surrounding salt because water molecules always move from high to less concentrated areas. This dries out the meat, preserving it. This is osmosis. 3. What might happen if prior to cell division, a cell did not completely replicate, or copy, its DNA? The purpose of the cell cycle is to produce two cells with the correct number of chromosomes…the same number as the parent cell. If a cell did not completely replicate its DNA prior to cell division, then one or both new cells would not have the proper number of chromosomes. This could lead to cell death or malfunction of cell processes. Interphase is the stage in which the DNA is copied and this must be successful the two new cells to have the correct number of chromosomes. 4. Explain how photosynthesis and cellular respiration are related. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are related and form a cycle. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are reverse processes. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and light energy to produce glucose and oxygen. Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. The end products of one are the raw materials of the other. This forms the cycle between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.