Download growth and development notes

Endocrine System- made up of glands that produce
hormones.
Hormones- chemicals the circulate thru the bloodstream
and regulate body activities such as growth and
development.
Glands of the Endocrine System
 Pituitary- mater gland, located at the base of the brain.
Controls other endocrine glands, secretes growth
hormone and regulates the thyroid, adrenal, ovaries
and testes.
 Thyroid- located in the lower neck, regulates
metabolism (the rate at which food is converted to
energy).
 Parathyroid- attached to thyroid, regulates the amount
of calcium in the body.
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Adrenal- on top of each kidney, regulate the
body’s response to stress, release adrenaline.
Pancreas- near the stomach, produces insulin
which regulates the amount of sugar in the blood.
(Diabetes)
Ovaries- (female), located in the abdomen,
produce female hormone estrogen which controls
female reproductive functions, including the
production of eggs.
Testes- (male) Controls reproduction in males.
Produce testosterone- male hormone responsible
for sexual development and secondary sex
characteristics. Also produce sperm cells.
Adolescence- is the period in life between childhood and
adulthood, during which many physical, mental and
emotional changes take place.
Puberty- A period of growth during which males and
females become physically able to reproduce.
However, at puberty, they are NOT emotionally or
socially ready for reproduction.
Primary Sex Characteristics- Physical characteristics of
males and females that are present at birth.
Secondary Sex Characteristics- Characteristics of adult
men and women that develop during puberty. See
page B19.
Group Dates- some people may feel more
comfortable going with a group on their first
date.
 WHY?
Discuss Dating Guidelines with your parents…
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-find out what age you are allowed to go on one-on-one
dates.
How late you are allowed to stay out
Your parents set dating guidelines because they care
about you.
If your date encourages you to break these guidelines,
this person is not right for you.
Function is to produce and store egg cells, to allow
fertilization to occur, and to nourish & protect
fertilized egg until it’s ready to survive outside the body.
Major Organs involved:
* ovaries- contains eggs (ova) and hormones that allow
eggs to mature.
* fallopian tubes
uterus
- carry eggs from ovaries to
* uterus- (womb) shelters & nourishes the fetus.
* endometrium- lining of uterus
* cervix-opening of the uterus
* vagina- passageway from uterus to outside of body.
Other Important Info & Terms
Estrogen: hormone responsible for female sexual
development and the mentrual cycle.
*Using a calender to chart your cycle can help to
determine predictibility.
*Irregular cycles are normal during the 1st year of
menstruation.
Ovulation- the release of a mature egg from an
ovary. During this time period, a woman is at
her most fertile point. Usually happens midcycle.
Menstruation- process through which the built-up
lining of the uterus sheds itself and leaves the
body. This is a monthly process.
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Secondary Sex Characteristics develop and
prepare the body to produce sperm.
Sperm are the male reproductive cells.
The hormone testosterone regulates these
changes.
Testes- Sperm cells are produced here and
travel to the epididymis and are held here for
4-6 weeks.
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Epydidymis- located on top of the testes.
Stores sperm.
Vas Deferens- Narrow passageway through
which sperm travels into the urethra.
Seminal Vesicles- 2- add semen that nourishes
sperm and help them move.
Prostate Gland- produces fluid that helps the
sperm stay alive.
Urethra- narrow tube inside the penis through
which urine and semen leave the body.
Scrotum- Pouch of skin that holds the testes
and helps to regulate temperature.
Females
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Keep track of menstrual
cycles
During menstruation,
use pads or tampons to
absorb menstrual flow.
Take a warm bath or
exercise moderately to
reduce cramps.
Make breast self exams
a monthly habit to
check for any
irregularities.
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Males
Follow rules of good
hygiene.
Wear protective
clothing for sports.
Perform testicular self
exams, checking for
irregularities.
Have regular medical
checkups.
Seek medical
attention for any
problems.
Each person begins as a single cell produced by
fertilization.
• Conception- the union of a sperm and egg.
This cell begins to divide multiple times.
Pregnancy is divided into 3 month long phases
called trimesters.
Embryo- refers to a developing baby during the
1st eight weeks after conception.
Fetus- term for a developing baby after the 1st
eight weeks and until birth.
Placenta- outer cells develop to form this organ
that attaches the embryo to the inner wall of
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Amniotic Sac- is a pouch filled with fluid
(called amniotic fluid) that surrounds and
protects the developing fetus.
Labor- is a series of stages that result in the
birth of a baby.
Cervix dilates 10 cm.
Baby passes into the vagina
Once outside the body, the baby takes its first
breath on it’s own.
Doctor cuts the umbilical cord
Mother delivers the placenta.
Parenthood is a serious responsibility. Both
parents are responsible for the well-being of
their child.
Fathers- fathers who are involved in the infant
stage are more likely to stay involved as their
child gets older.
Mothers- The 6-8 week period of time after birth
is called postpartum. During this time, the
mother’s body is adjusting to the end of
pregnancy and beginning to return to normal.
Infants- require constant attention. Feelins fo
frustration and anxiety are common for the
new parents.
You will continue to grow and change throughout
your life. A person passes through a series of
stages between birth and death, known as the
Life cycle.
Infancy (birth-1year)- involves the most rapid period of
growth.
Early Childhood (1-3 years) Children are learning from
adults, socialization skills, and how to be safe.
Middle Childhood (3-6 years) Phase of originality, learning,
and skill development, and making good choices.
Late Childhood (6-12 years) Children explore their physical
surrounding and learning to develop new skills.
Adolescence (12-18 years)